Opus Dei and Vatican Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creation Dei and Vatican - Essay Example The association is authoritatively supported by the Roman Catholic Church. It developed quickly in enrollment and force. Knight knights, known as the Holy Crusaders, were among the most talented battling units of the Crusades. The non-warrior individuals from the Order oversaw enormous monetary foundations, presented new money related strategies that were noted in the writing as arrangement of banking, and manufactured a large number across Europe and the Holy Land. At the point when the Holy Land was lost, King Philip IV of France who was profoundly owing debtors to the Order, compelled Pope Clement V to move against the Order. Pope Clement disbanded the Knights Templar in 1312. In the mid twentieth century , the Roman Catholic church in Spain was on edge on the developing enemy of strict distrust and an extraordinary dread of losing the bourgeoisie advanced. A Spanish minister, Jos Mara Escriv de Balaguer, chose to begin another Catholic development and established the Opus Dei or Work of God in 1928 to confront battle against apparent foes including secularism, Republicanism, socialism and Freemasonry. Creation Dei was shaped as another Catholic gathering that consolidate conventional philosophy with present day strategies for getting the message out of God (Beckett, 2005). The Opus Dei is basically a lay development, 98% of which are lay Catholics with some minister individuals. It is administered by a biblical show headed by a cleric. The laypeople are instructed to purify their day by day lives, particularly in work. It places incredible accentuation that God ought to be a piece of every day life. Creation Dei is halfway composed with explicit classific ations and classes for its individuals. It is exceptionally ground-breaking and compelling to the Catholic Church and all around subsidized and well off. The association picked up power by enlisting operators of impact inside the banking, industry, interchanges and the scholarly callings. It applied huge effect on chapel strategy. The development discovered kindness from Pope John Paul II who raised the request to the status of Individual Prelature, implying that it is eventually responsible just to the Pope. This approves the association to go on with their business without being managed by the religious administrators. Creation Dei is considered as the elites of the preservationist wing of the Vatican, outperforming different Orders, for example, the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in impact. Creation Dei can impact the Vatican's plan through the nearness of its individuals in mainstream governments and establishments, scholarly, clinical and grassroots areas of society. From this viewpoint, Opus Dei is the Roman Catholic resembles the Knights Templar in the Middle Ages. It is additionally what could be compared to activist Christian Reconstructionist Protestant gatherings and different strict predominant gatherings who cases order from God to take domain of governments, social orders, countries and all people. Its quick achievement brought doubt/hypothesis about new Opus Dei takeover of Rome (Allen, 2001). The Opus Dei is confronting a great deal of reactions. Their longing for mystery, their overreliance on power like having individuals perused their mail if a full part, and having individuals mention to you what you can peruse or not read on the off chance that you are a subordinate, and the blundering selecting strategies, made the Opus Dei seem like a religion. The press in the United States depict Opus Dei as cryptic, ground-breaking, cultlike, risky, and baffling. The Opus Dei guarantee that their conviction is the best way to sacredness for a layman. Another act of Opus

The Scarlet Sharer :: essays research papers

The Secret Sharer composed by Joseph Conrad, bases on a character of an ocean skipper. Its title and opening sections gauge an account of puzzle, detachment, duality, murkiness and quiet. The epic demonstrates genuine these forecasts delighting topical and picture designs legitimately relative to them. The opening of the novel further uncovers arguments in the novel. The conflict between the private and the open world or man versus society, as such is the essential argument. The excursion topic or the transitional experience subject additionally uncover themselves. We see a youthful and unpracticed chief develop and investigate himself and his general surroundings, and in the process turning into a practical individual from a general public. The novella might be just fifty pages in length however its words express volumes.The first sign of a course that a novel may take is its title. The three little words contained in the title offer ascent to numerous understandings. A picture created by the title could be that of a tattle. Since a tattle is somebody who discloses individuals' privileged insights, or as such is a mystery sharer if the word mystery is taken for a thing, it is a likelihood that this picture may ring a bell. Another picture is that of an individual who partakes in mystery, along these lines turning into a mystery sharer, if the word mystery is taken for a modifier. This could be a picture of a penny pincher, who for the most part doesn't share his riches, yet does so just in mystery. A mystery sharer could likewise be a nonexistent companion. It would be an individual who is cryptic, and you share your contemplations with them. A Biblical understanding of the mystery sharer could be that of the snake in the nursery of Eden. Since the snake imparts a definitive mystery of information to Adam and Eve, it could be viewed as a mystery sharer.The implications of the two primary words in the title show a logical inconsistency. A mystery has a baffling to some degree detestable undertone, while a sharer has a generous and great implication. This offers ascend to a chance of a decent and malevolence rationalization. The meaning of mystery is something kept hidden, sharing is, notwithstanding, an open demonstration. This uncovers the argument of the open versus the private world.The opening passages enliven the universe of the work. Where the characters move and have their being is a sail transport in this novel.

Writing with the Ups and Downs of Imposter Syndrome

Writing with the Ups and Downs of Imposter Syndrome For a self-proclaimed introvert, writing functions as both my freedom and exile. It’s acted as a brave way to wear my skin, to push the fears and anxieties I’ve buried and often pathologically internalized. I write to know myself in the rawest form. I write to make sense of the beautiful and the grotesque embedded in human nature. Of course, there are times that I don’t like to write. These moments of strong aversion are applicable to artists across all mediums. I think it’s rare that any artist is fully, unconditionally in love with their final project and believes in its untouchable  perfection. Making art often feels as though you’re in competition with yourself. You are competing against self-fueled doubt, resistance to change, the exhaustion of studying and analyzing your own work for the fiftieth, sixtieth, trillionth time. Writers are not gifted robots. Writers are not born with the craft. Writers are not born to spout out ideas and novels on command. Non-writers often tell me that I should just follow the trends and write the next Fifty Shades of Grey/Harry Potter/Hunger Games bestseller. The act of writing may seem like some magical exhibit of supernatural sensibilities, but it’s about as glamorous and easy as hand-weeding an entire acre of farmland. What I mean to say is this: in basic terms, yes, I like to write. On the other hand, giving birth to creativity isn’t exactly Utopian bliss. Maintaining talent requires work, concentration, sometimes tears, and perseverance. Is it possible that Imposter Syndrome can increase the more powerful I become? I have been professionally writing for a considerable amount of years, and have an array of bylines that illuminate the variety of my interests. I’ve written and published book reviews, poems, short stories, personal essays, pop culture commentary, and album reviews. Yet my self-confidence hasn’t taken up permanent residence. The waxing and waning ownership of my authority can be circumstantial. The ownership of my authority is vulnerable, sensitive to environmental stressors. It used to solely depend on the approval of strangers, white institutions that believed diversity, especially blackness, was bad for business. Now I know how to deflect some of the venom, but I have not unlearned  how to betray myself. I am trying so hard to keep the fire blazing but I can’t always protect it from danger. My dad recently told me, Vanessa, please don’t give up. That’s exactly what these white people want you to do. I can’t help but think my Imposter Syndrome is just an off-shoot of that old mantra, twice as good to get half. My adolescent identity was not impervious to the vitriol of casual and out-and-proud racists in my New England hometown. However way you want to look at it, being cast as the Other from a young age, even before I was fully cognizant of the fact, shaped my self-image and how I moved through the world. My family and I have experienced just about the whole spectrum of racism. My dad, who is Black, has experienced anti-blackness and dehumanization in the form of smart-mouthed elementary school classmates spewing racial slurs to the covert repulsion of the cashier who refuses to wait on him at the store. When racists are feeling passive aggressive, they are prone to ask my Filipino mother, What are you? When racists are feeling vindictive and cruel, their “curiosity” becomes the basis of their ammunition. They say things to my mom about stupid Asians stealing all the American jobs. Men make sexual comments encased in  leering and predatory calm, assuming that Asian women are nothing more than the stereotype of submissive dolls. I grew up half-believing my parents when they said I could do anything, that my dreams weren’t too big, and simultaneously half-believing that my Otherness meant proof of my inferiority. I try to remind myself that not everyone will understand why I write or why I keep writing even after rejection has broken my heart and writer’s block has robbed me of the energy to be optimistic. Some of these people are merely outsiders looking in like patrons at an aquarium, banging on the glass to get the attention of the fish. Some of these people hardly read books. If they do, their preference is dictated by what the New York Times or USA Today tells them to read, never straying into the unknown, never deviating from the tired tunnel-vision narrative that centers whiteness as universal. Some of these people are merely waiting for the crack in the levee, the breach of the dam. They are itching to be my Greek chorus of negativity and debasement, to reinforce feelings of inadequacy. How do I make my tormentor my ally? How do I make the naysayer my muse? Perhaps part of why I like to write is to prove myself wrong. There is divine joy, unbreakable light in finally capturing to paper the images crowded in your head, solidifying the wisps of characters into living entities that walk across the pages. I find comfort in knowing that even legends question the merit of their work, even if I haven’t fully absorbed the importance of such confessions. Maya Angelou once said, “I have written eleven books, but each time I think, ‘Uh oh, they’re going to find out now. I’ve run a game on everybody and they’re going to find me out.” I keep trying to snitch on myself. On my better days, I believe that impulse is fading into memory, fading into nothingness, leaving me triumphant like Ali in the ring.

John Brown – the “Spark” - 2045 Words

â€Å"All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.† – Edmund Burke Throughout the existence of slavery in America, white abolitionists have played a crucial role in the fight for the freedom of blacks. They all risked everything, and fueled by passion stepped outside of the societal norm to fight for those unable to fight. However, few white abolitionists caused as much controversy during their time as John Brown. Brown was an abolitionist who not only spoke out on his beliefs, but backed up them up with action. He was so contentious that he was able to be considered a hero and a terrorist at the same time. Although Brown’s actions were considered debatable, it can be agreed upon today that they were†¦show more content†¦His plan was to seize the 100,000 muskets and rifles that were located in the armory and use them to arm the local slaves. From there, they would head south, gathering more and more slaves from plantations, and fighting in a manner of â€Å"self defense† (Reynolds). He had even asked Harriet Tubman to join him in the raid; however she was ill and unable to join him. Her participation would have been interesting, and perhaps tragic, as she was the escaped slave that founded the Underground Railway. John’s plan was that the slaves would revolt and battle against their masters. However, this plan would not succeed. The Raid at Harpers Ferry would be a beginning to the Civil War and an end for John Brown. The raid initially went well, they were able to capture the armory due it being guarded by a single watchmen. They then rounded up hostages from some local farms, one being the great grad nephew of George Washington, and spread the news to the local slaves. Unfortunately, Brown and his men soon found themselves surrounded by the U.S Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee and were commanded to surrender. Brown initially refused, stating â€Å"No, I prefer to die here† (New World Encyclopedia). Soon the power of the Marines was too much, Brown had become wounded, and he and the survivors of the raid became detained. Brown was taken to Charleston,Show MoreRelatedAbolitionist John Brown1836 Words   |  7 Pagesthe words spoken by abolitionist John Brown at his trial in Charles Town, Virginia (now part of West Virginia) following his violent raid at Harper’s Ferry Federal Arsenal in October, 1859 (Fanton 82). John Brown played a vital role in the anti-slavery movement and his actions opened the eyes of a nation that would become divided in a war of brother against brother. He clearly states his intentions, but did he really not mean to excite or incite a rebellion among slaves? John Brown represented the idealsRead MoreJohn Brown : An American Abolitionist Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Brown is an American Abolitionist who believed in abolishing slavery across the nation through killing any southern slaveholder or supporter that comes in his path. It is believed that he had a plan to gather all the free slaves and rebel against th e southern states, but his rebellion never made it that far. His rebellion started in Kansas in 1855 and ended in December 1858 at Harpers Ferry leading to him being convicted and hung for his crimes. John Brown had one motive that made him do theseRead MoreJohn Brown: an Extreme Abolitionist1452 Words   |  6 PagesChris Carey John Brown: An Extreme Abolitionist John Brown’s beliefs about slavery and activities to destroy it hardly represented the mainstream of northern society in the years leading up to the Civil War. This rather unique man, however, took a leading role in propelling the nation toward secession and conflict. Many events influenced Brown’s views on slavery from an early age. When he was older, his strong anti-slavery feelings had grown, and he became an extreme abolitionist. His raid onRead MoreJohn Brown : Abolitionist or Psychopath3669 Words   |  15 PagesJohn Brown: Abolitionist or Psychopath His 378 August 3, 2012 John Brown Part 1 1. On October 16, 1859 John Brown led a group of men to Harper’s Ferry, Virginia and raided the Federal arsenal. Brown wanted to create an army of African-Americans that would in the end help release black slaves in the Southern states. Brown and his men manage to capture the arsenal but the town people of Harper’s Ferry surrounded the buildings and trapped Brown and his men. Brown had intended to steal the government’sRead MoreU.S. History: Abolitionist John Brown607 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia was an attempt to steal from the federal armory in order to arm the slaves with the needed weapons and lead a black rebellion aimed at ending slavery and pave the way for racial equality. The subject of this paper will be about John Brown’s journey in formulating the plan to start the rebellion against slavery which ultimately forced greater tension between the north and the south which induced the possibility of a Civil War. Abolitionist John BrownRead MoreThe Work of Three Major Abolitionists: Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown1328 Words   |  6 PagesRevivalistic tenets led abolitionists to see slavery as the product of sin and to demand emancipation as the price of repentance. A tenet is a principle, belief, or doctrine generally held to be true; especially one held in common by members of an organization, movement, or profession. Abolitionists recognized that slavery received moral support from racial prejudice, and they lobbied to overturn the nations racially discriminatory practices. During the 1830s, abolitionists tried to reach and convertRead MoreThe Battle Against Slavery During The 19th Century1342 Words   |  6 Pagesanti-slavery movement was John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry. John Brown was a white Abolitionist who lived during the time of debate over Kansas’ statehood. Brown had strong beliefs as a Christian and used these to drive his desires, and a movement, of freeing all slaves. In 1851, Brown started an anti-slavery group called the United States League of Gileadites, which consisted of Brown himself, his sons, escaped and free slaves, and other supporting white Abolitionists who chose to join him. (Earle)Read MoreAbolitionist Movements And Social Reforms1610 Words   |  7 Pageswould able to be changed through peaceful political reforms, while others felt that real change could only be achieved by violence. A radical white abolitionist named John Brown became a historical figure whose beliefs motivated the violent abolitionist crusade. In the 1830s, antislavery underwent an important transformation which led to various abolitionist movements and social reforms. The American Association Organization provided a program which taught information about the gradual emancipation ofRead MoreEssay on Abolitionists997 Words   |  4 PagesAbolitionists Strategies of Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and John Brown Abolitionist Movement was a reform movement during the 18th and 19th centuries. Often called the antislavery movement, it sought to end the enslavement of Africans and people of African descent in Europe, the Americas, and Africa itself. It also aimed to end the Atlantic slave trade carried out in the Atlantic Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Many people participated in trying to end slavery. TheseRead MoreControversial Dedication : A Study Of John Brown s Politics1483 Words   |  6 PagesControversial Dedication: A Study of John Brown’s Politics â€Å"I, John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done.† – John Brown (1859) Few abolitionists have shown the die-hard dedication that John Brown presented during the battle to end slavery. Most abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglas, focused on giving speeches to persuade people to

Stem Cells Essay - 1034 Words

Mesenchymal stem cells go on to develop into: connective tissue, like adipocytes, stromal cells or tenocytes; muscle tissues, from myoblasts into skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle types; cartilage, which is created when an osteochondral progenitor cell develops into a chondroblast then a chondrocyte; or bone tissue, which is also developed from an osteochondral progenitor cell, into an osteoblast, then an osteocyte. Hematopoietic stem cells are what create all the different components of blood. They develop into Myeloid Progenitor cells, which then go on to develop into erythroblasts (create erythrocytes, or red blood cells), megakaryoblasts (create megakaryocytes and thrombocytes, which are platelets), and also myeloblasts.†¦show more content†¦It then develops into a polychromatophilic normoblast. At this stage, the cytoplasm begins to create haemoglobin, changing the colour to dark grey-blue, and the chromatin in the nucleus becomes more condensed and knotted. Then, the nuclei completely shrink, forming a orthochromatic normoblast, which then develops into a reticulocyte, an immature red blood cell. Neutrophils Neutrophils are also created from myeloid Progenitor cells, but they then develop into myeloblasts, which create the three types of granulocyte, including neutrophils. Stem Cells in Medicine There are many potential benefits of stem cell research, however, there is a lot more intensive stem cell research that needs to be done to bridge the gap between the promise of stem cells and the actual reality of these uses. There are many areas of medicine where stem cells could be applied, and range from the development of new drugs, possibly for conditions that have no treatments or cures, to cell therapies, where stem cells are used to replace failing or damaged tissue. Together, cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease, and cancers are the top two causes of death. Regenerative medicine, using stem cells, has the potential to be able to repair heart damage and perhaps improve cancer treatments. Heart Disease At the moment, the aim of heart disease research is to understand in better detail what is involved in heartShow MoreRelatedStem Cells Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas provided us with a hope for these diseases. This essay will address the issue of controversial research in stem cells. This technology offers hope to millions who are victims of a multitude of diseases and disorders. It can be used to regrow limbs, create organs, attack genetic diseases, treat malfunctioning bladders, etc. However, this same technology is also one of the most controversial debates in science today. If you type â€Å"stem cells research† into your Google search bar, you will most likelyRead MoreStem Cells Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pages Stem cells are used every day throughout the United States to help cure diseases and save lives. Stem cells can also be used to study labor defects so that future birth deficiencies can be prevented or reversed. Although as a college student starting a family may not be on your mind yet, it is always beneficial to educate yourself on current trends and new discoveries in stem cell research. Andres Travino and his wife were excited when their son Andy was born ten years ago. Andy prayed and hopedRead MoreStem Cell Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells and their use in Cardiac Regeneration Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Ischemic heart disease, where the oxygen supply to the myocardium is restricted, is a common cause of an MI. Myocardial injury results in loss of cardiomyocytes (cardiac muscle cells) due to apoptosis, and the development of necrotic myocardium, eventually leading to heart failure. The formation of the necrotic myocardium causesRead MoreStem Cell Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagestreated with the use of embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of human embryo. In simpler terms, these cells have the ability of developing into any of the two hundred different cell types in our bodies. Unlike most of the cells in our bodies, such as heart cells or skin cells, which conduct a specific function, a stem cell does not have a specific function until it is specialized (Hogan). A stem cell that is becoming specialized willRead More Stem Cells Es say1128 Words   |  5 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cells â€Å"Embryonic stem cells...are in effect, a human self-repair kit,† (Christopher Reeve, activist – Larry King show). For the advancement of science, stem cells are infinitely valuable, especially when considering all the potential applications in the field of medicine. Stem cell usage is a very controversial topic, because most people think of abortions, cloning, and other negative topics when they hear the term stem cell. However I think those thoughts are because they don’tRead More Stem Cells Essay4600 Words   |  19 Pages Stem cells are a large focus of study in today’s biomedical world. They are cells that exist in an undifferentiated state, and transform into differing tissue types depending on what the cells surrounding them are. The different types of stem cells have the ability to repair many classes of damaged human tissue. However, only one type of stem cell promises to regenerate virtually any class of tissue. This is the highly controversial embryonic stem cell (ESC). Unfortunately, there is a dark sideRead MoreEssay on Stem Cells2760 Words   |  12 Pagesof the most recent advances in stem cell research. 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Stem cells should be defined by their ability to renew themselves and diversify into other cell types. 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are several readily accessible sources of stem cells. Strict criteria apply to the use of these sources in medical research. 4.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Stem cells have wide potential application in medicine. quot;Adultquot; stem cells have already been used in the worldsRead MoreStem Cell Research: The Benefits of Stem Cells Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagesextracted the adult stem cells from it and formed an osteoblast, which is a bone forming cell. Six months after the osteoblast was injected, it started forming new bone material which filled the gaps (NIH Stem Cells). Stem cells could be a genius way to treat many diseases and disorders and it should be supported by everyone. Stem cells get their name from the fact that they are basic cells that other cells develop from. They are capable of developing into a wide range of cells. Stem cells could potentiallyRead MoreEssay on Stem Cells2831 Words   |  12 Pages What is a stem cell? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Stem cells have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the context of normal human development. Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. This fertilized egg is totipotent, meaning that its potential is total. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides intoRead More Stem Cell Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. Research in the use of stem cells holds limitless possibilities in the medical field. Stem cells are the cells in our bodies that are in their primitive form. These cells have not yet become the type of cell they are destined to be, whether it be nervous tissue or another. However, even though stem cell research is a great new field, its progress is being limited by moral concerns and ethical questions. In order to let medicine reach its full potential, stem cell research should be legalized

Do Not Text and Drive - 950 Words

In today’s society, texting is an incredibly significant part of life. People crave rapid responses and are eager to see messages immediately. It is rather difficult to imagine life without instant messaging. Texting is so prominent that individuals are risking lives by reading messages while driving. It is absolutely ridiculous and must be stopped. The time taken to write a simple message such as â€Å"OK† or â€Å"LOL† can cause severe injuries and death. A multitude of individuals believe that nothing will happen to them and that they are immune. Despite so, that is most definitely not the case. Life is precious and can be taken away in an instant. I urge everyone, especially my friends and family, to not text and drive . I beg everyone to†¦show more content†¦They can only imagine what a great man he would have become. Nevertheless, his family and friends will always remember his loving personality, his smile, and the joy he brought them. Although his death was quite terrible, it does teach a lesson. It manifests the importance of not texting and driving. Moreover, it demonstrates how quickly life can change. This boy would have been especially successful, but that changed within an instant. A simple text message took away his hopes, dreams, and future. A family was torn apart. I cannot grasp how I would survive after losing someone close because of texting and driving. I am sure lots of other people would feel the same way if they were in that situation. In order to prevent deaths like this, the realities of horrible deaths like this must be told. We must take action and vow to never text and drive. Please convince as much people as you can to stop texting and driving. We CAN make a difference and improve the safety of drivers and roads. However, NOTHING will change if we fail to spread the word of the dangers of texting while driving. We must put in effort and be diligent. We can avoid possible harm and tragedies. Let†™s strive to make an impression on the world. I hope this story has impacted you to not text and drive. Don’t text and drive- saveShow MoreRelatedDo Not Text, Just Drive Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesDakota, and Texas are the eight states that do not restrict all drivers from texting and driving. The state of Texas, with the population 26,664,574 people, is the second largest state in the US. Imagine half of those people texting while driving all at one time. This would be a date for disaster. (Texas Department of State Health Services ) Although having a cell phone would be very convenient to one, it is not a priority for anyone. Being able to text is not a right under any means; thereforeRead MoreName: Rafaela Romero Specific Purpose: Don’t Text and Drive, Save lives. Introduction700 Words   |  3 PagesRafaela Romero Specific Purpose: Don’t Text and Drive, Save lives. Introduction Paragraph: Good Evening my name is Rafaela, I’m here to persuade you why you shouldn’t text and drive. (Video)There’s times we wish we could rewind time, but sadly we can’t. We all make the mistake of texting and driving without thinking on the consequences this could bring. Texting and Driving is a big epidemic that hurts our nation day by day, I’m here to persuade you to don’t do it. I. Automobile crashes as a resultRead MoreTexting And Driving Is Wrong921 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you text and drive you are knowingly taking a risk of an accident because of how texting distracts a person from driving properly. Texting and driving is when you use your phone while operating a motor vehicle. When making this choice to do this, drivers often: drift off to the sides of roads, run stop signals, run into another car, etc. Using your phone any kind of way is distracting because you are taking your eyes off the road, and into a screen. Even though the time it takes to text is reallyRead MoreStrategic Text Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesTowing Your Way Through Strategic Texts Characteristics If I were to drive through the town of Auburn, Alabama and count the amount of â€Å"Tow Away Zone signs, it would take me an entire day to do so. Even then, the chance of me overlooking and missing one or two signs is likely to happen. There are apartment complexes surrounding all sides of campus with a lot of housing being crammed along West Glenn and Gay Street. Even downtown parking is very limited. To ensure that apartment renters, and shopRead Moretexting and driving1187 Words   |  5 Pageswhy people do them even with the dangerous consequences. Drivers think they can text while driving and also drink while driving because they think they can get away with it because nothing has affected them in the past while doing it. Michael Austin states, â€Å"Texting, also known as SMS (for short message service), is on the rise, up from 9.8 billion messages a month in December ’05 to 110.4 billion in December ’08†. What does it mean to all drivers to text and dr ive, or even drink and drive? Why wouldRead MoreTexting And Driving : The Phone Rings And A Man Answers969 Words   |  4 Pageswithout looking. People do this all the time and not even think about what they are doing. It is just a natural reaction that our generation has become used to since phones run our lives. A phone rings and bang someone is right there to answer and respond to whatever is needed. This then continues on the roads which strikes fear in a lot of people. That is where ads have come into place to take over and try to get people to not text and drive. They strike fear by saying â€Å"do you want to be the personRead MoreTexting And Driving Is A Good Thing Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagestheir phone. Texting and driving is one of the most daring things people can do on the road now a days. It is a tragic practice in the United States that needs to be stopped. It’s taking many lives of peoples family and friends around the United States today. This phenomenon of texting and driving exists and it isn t a good thing. Although many people would agree that texting and driving isn t a safe act many still do it. Most people feel discluded from the texting while driving danger and believeRead MoreRalph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, And Edgar Allen Poe1047 Words   |  5 PagesHawthorne, and Edgar Allen Poe all convey the behavior of human nature in separate ways. These three authors show the curiosity, drive for perfection, and fear of human nature throughout their texts in detail. With these characteristics being prominent in human nature itself, it shows a connection with the nature that humans take part of living in every day. By analyzing these texts by these three authors, one can find the true meaning of human nature and how humans are a key aspect to nature itself. CuriosityRead MorePersuasive Essay On Texting And Driving711 Words   |  3 PagesBeing able to drive is a dream come true, that can easily become a nightmare that you are never wake up from. The state of Florida is trying to make drivers aware of the dangers that come with distracted driving. Texting and driving is one of the biggest problems America is facing at the moment. Many people, especially teenagers, are dying from distractive driving. The state of Florida decided that they wanted to help with this problem and made it illegal to text and drive. They have also put upRead MoreIs Inattentional Blindness So Different Between The Two Tasks?1040 Words   |  5 Pagessome days when I pick up my phone. That image got me to stop texting and driving for quote a bit of time. Despite his best efforts I still do use my phone and drive. Most people seem to fall into the same trap, but can we text and drive safely? According to David L. Strayer and Frank A. Drews research, no. It†™s estimated that 100 million drives use a phone and drive. Yet people are not distracted as much by the radio, or audio books, why? The researchers wanted to see why inattentional blindness is so

Law Test with Answers Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Define Law. â€Å"Law. in its generic sense. is a organic structure of regulations of action or behavior prescribed by commanding authorization. and holding binding legal force. That which must be obeyed and followed by citizens capable to countenances or legal effects is a jurisprudence. † 2. Give 5 maps of the jurisprudence and illustrations ( different illustrations than in the book ) . a. Keeping peace ( Example: Beating a weaker homo for any grounds ) B. Determining moral criterions ( Example: colza )c. Promoting societal justness ( Example: Gender Discrimination in scholarship or Race Discrimination in political relations ) d. Keeping the position quo ( Example: a position quo order may be issued to forestall one parent from taking a kid from the abode or out of the country without the other parent’s consent ) e. Facilitating orderly alteration ( Example: well-designed Torahs for commercialism that allow concerns to be after their daily-activities. supply productive resources. and assess risk-management ) f. Supplying a footing for via media ( Example: largely the jurisprudence suites helps acquiring settled or reduces the charges before tests ) 3. Specify the 7 schools of jurisprudential idea The doctrine or scientific discipline of the jurisprudence is referred to as law. Traditional law can be divided into four basic â€Å"schools of thought† or doctrines of jurisprudence: a. Natural Law School The Natural Law School of law posits that the jurisprudence is based on what is â€Å"correct. † B. Historical SchoolThe Historical School of law believes that the jurisprudence is an sum of societal traditions and imposts that have developed over the centuries. c. Analytical SchoolThe Analytical School of law maintains that the jurisprudence is shaped by logic. d. Sociological SchoolThe Sociological School of law asserts that the jurisprudence is a agency of accomplishing and progressing certain sociological ends. e. Command SchoolThe philosophers of the Command School of law believe that the jurisprudence is a set of regulations developed. communicated. and enforced by the governing party instead than a contemplation of the society’s morality. history. logic. or sociology. f. Critical Legal Studies SchoolThe Critical Legal Studies School proposes that legal regulations are unneeded and are used as an obstruction by the powerful to keep the position quo. g. Law and Economics SchoolThe Law and Economics School believes that advancing market efficiency should be the cardinal end of legal determination devising. 4. Explain in item the province tribunal system. Each province and each district of the United States has its ain separate tribunal system ( jointly referred: State tribunals ) . Most province tribunal systems include: limited-jurisdiction test tribunals. general-jurisdiction test tribunals. intermediate appellant tribunals. and a supreme tribunal. State limited-jurisdiction test tribunals. which are sometimes referred to as inferior test tribunals. hear affairs of a specialised or limited nature. E. g. Traffic tribunals. juvenile tribunals. justice-of-the-peace tribunals. probate tribunals. household jurisprudence tribunals. and tribunals that hear misdemeanor condemnable jurisprudence instances are limited-jurisdiction tribunals in many provinces. Because limited-jurisdiction tribunals are test tribunals. grounds can be introduced and testimony can be given. Most limited-jurisdiction tribunals maintain records of their proceedings. A determination of such a tribunal can normally be appealed to a general-jurisdiction tribunal or an appellant tribunal. Every province has a general-jurisdiction test tribunal. These tribunals are frequently referred to as tribunals of record because the testimony and grounds at test are recorded and stored for future mention. These tribunals hear instances that are non within the legal power of limited-jurisdiction test tribunals. such as felonies. civil instances more than a certain dollar sum. and so on. Some provinces divide their general-jurisdiction tribunals into two divisions. one for condemnable instances and one for civil instances. In many provinces. intermediate appellate tribunals ( besides called appellate tribunals or tribunals of entreaty ) hear entreaties from test tribunals. They review the test tribunal record to find whether there have been any mistakes at test that would necessitate reversal or alteration of the test court’s determination. Thus. an appellant tribunal reviews either pertinent parts or the whole test tribunal record from the lower tribunal. No new grounds or testimony is permitted. There is a highest province tribunal of each state’s tribunal system. Many provinces call this highest tribunal the province supreme tribunal. Some provinces use other names for their highest tribunals. The map of a state’s highest tribunal is to hear entreaties from intermediate appellate province tribunals and certain test tribunals. No new grounds or testimony is heard. The parties normally submit pertinent parts of or the full lower tribunal record for reappraisal. The parties besides submit legal Jockey shortss to the tribunal and are normally granted a brief unwritten hearing. Decisions of highest province tribunals are concluding unless a inquiry of jurisprudence is involved that is appealable to the U. S. Supreme Court. 5. Explain in item the federal tribunal system. Article III of the U. S. Constitution provides that the federal government’s judicial power is vested in one â€Å"Supreme Court. † This tribunal is the U. S. Supreme Court. Article III besides authorizes Congress to set up â€Å"inferior† federal tribunals. Pursu-ant to its Article III power. Congress has established the U. S. territory tribunals. the U. S. tribunals of entreaties. and the U. S. bankruptcy tribunals. Pursuant to other author-ity in the Constitution. the U. S. Congress has established other federal tribunals. Federal Judgess of the U. S. Supreme Court. U. S. tribunals of entreaties. and U. S. territory tribunals are appointed for life by the president. with the advice and consent of the Senate. Judges of other tribunals are non appointed for life but are appointed for assorted periods of clip ( e. g. . bankruptcy tribunal Judgess are appointed for 14-year footings ) . The U. S. territory tribunals are the federal tribunal system’s test tribunals of general legal power. The U. S. tribunals of entreaties are the federal tribunal system’s intermediate appellate tribunals. There are 13 circuits in the federal tribunal system. The first 12 are geo-graphical. Eleven are designated by Numberss. such as the â€Å"First Circuit. † â€Å"Second Circuit. † and so on. The geographical country served by each tribunal is referred to as a circuit. The 12th circuit tribunal. located in Washington. DC. is called the District of Columbia Circuit. 6. Specify the followers:a. standing to action To convey a case. a complainant must hold standing to action. This means the complainant must hold some interest in the result of the case. Definition from USLEGAL. com †¦ Standing to action philosophy refers to a legal rule where a party is entitled to hold a tribunal decide his/her virtues of the instance. Under this philosophy. a party is entitled to obtain judicial declaration. In the U. S. . there are many demands that a party must set up to hold standing before a federal tribunal. The followers are some of the demands recognized under the philosophy: 1. Injury ; 2. Causing ; 3. Redressability. The standing to action philosophy is a jurisdictional issue which concerns power of federal tribunals to hear and make up ones mind instances. The philosophy is non concerned with ultimate virtues of a instance. b. capable affair legal power Capable affair legal power is the authorization of a tribunal to hear the type of instance brought before it. It is legal power over the type of claim brought by the complainant. ( USLEGAL. com ) c. in paradoxical sleep legal power A tribunal may hold legal power to hear and make up ones mind a instance because it has legal power over the belongings of the case. This is called in paradoxical sleep legal power ( â€Å"jurisdiction over the thing† ) . d. quasi in paradoxical sleep legal power Sometimes a complainant who obtains a judgement against a suspect in one province will seek to roll up the judgement by attaching belongings of the suspect that is located in another province. This is permitted under quasi in rem legal power. or attachment legal power. e. localeVenue requires cases to be heard by the tribunal of the tribunal system that has legal power to hear the instance that is located nighest to where the incident occurred. where informants and grounds are available. and such other relevant factors. 7. List and specify the parts of a â€Å"pleading† . The paperwork that is filed with the tribunal to originate and react to a case is referred to as the pleadings. The major pleadings are the ailment. the reply. the cross-complaint. and the answer. Ailment and Biddings:To originate a case. the party who is actioning ( the complainant ) must register a ailment in the proper tribunal. The ailment names the parties to the case. alleges the ultimate facts and jurisprudence violated. and contains a â€Å"prayer for relief† for a redress to be awarded by the tribunal. The ailment can be every bit long as necessary. depending on the case’s complexness. In other words. a papers filed by a complainant with a tribunal and served with a biddings on the suspect. It sets forth the footing of the case. Cross-Complaint and Answer:A suspect who believes that he or she has been injured by the complainant can register a cross-complaint against the complainant in add-on to an reply. In the cross- ailment. the suspect ( now the cross-complainant ) sues the complainant ( now the cross-defendant ) for amendss or some other redress. The original complainant must register a answer ( reply ) to the cross-complaint. The answer. which can include affirmatory defences. must be filed with the tribunal and served on the original suspect. Alternatively. a papers filed and served by a suspect if he or she countersues the complainant. The suspect is the cross-complainant. and the complainant is the cross-defendant. The cross-defendant must register and function a answer ( reply ) . Answer:The suspect. the party who is being sued. must register an reply to the plaintiff’s ailment. The defendant’s reply is filed with the tribunal and served on the complainant. In the reply. the suspect admits or denies the allegations contained in the plaintiff’s ailment. A judgement is entered against a suspect who admits all of the allegations in the ailment. The instance returns if the suspect denies all or some of the allegations. In short. a papers filed by a suspect with a tribunal and served on the complainant. It normally denies most allegations of the ailment. 8. List and specify the 4 parts of â€Å"discovery† . The legal procedure provides for a elaborate pretrial process called find. During find. each party engages in assorted activities to detect facts of the instance from the other party and witnesses prior to test. Discovery serves several maps. including forestalling surprises. leting parties to thoroughly prepare for test. continuing grounds. salvaging tribunal clip. and advancing the colony of instances. DepositionA deposition is unwritten testimony given by a party or witness prior to test. The individual giving a deposition is called the testifier. InterrogationsInterrogations are written inquiries submitted by one party to a case to another party. Production of DocumentsFrequently. peculiarly in complex concern instances. a significant part of a case may be based on information contained in paperss ( e. g. . memorandas. correspondence. company records ) . One party to a case may bespeak that the other party produce all paperss that are relevant to the instance prior to test. This is called production of paperss. Physical or Mental ExaminationIn instances that concern the physical or mental status of a party. a tribunal can order the party to subject to certain physical or mental scrutinies to find the extent of the alleged hurts. 9. List and specify the stages of a test. |Jury Selection |The pool of possible jurymans is normally selected from elector or car enrollment | | |lists. Persons are selected to hear specific instances through a procedure called voir dire | | | ( â€Å"to speak the truth† ) . Lawyers for each party and the justice can inquire prospective jurymans | | |questions to find whether they would be biased in their determinations. | |Opening Statements |Each party’s lawyer is allowed to do an gap statement to the jury at the get downing | | |of a test. During an opening statement. an lawyer normally summarizes the chief factual and| | |legal issues of the instance and depict why he or she believes the client’s place is | | |valid. The information given in this statement is non considered as grounds. | |The Plaintiff’s Case |A complainant bears the load of cogent evidence to carry the trier of fact of the virtues of his or | | |her instance. This is called the plaintiff’s instance. | |The Defendantâ⠂¬â„¢s Case |The defendant’s instance returns after the complainant has concluded his or her instance. The | | |defendant’s instance must ( 1 ) rebut the plaintiff’s grounds. ( 2 ) turn out any affirmatory defenses| | |asserted by the suspect. and ( 3 ) turn out any allegations contained in the defendant’s | | |cross-complaint. The defendant’s informants are examined on direct scrutiny by the | | |defendant’s lawyer. | |Rebuttal and Rejoinder |After the defendant’s lawyer has finished naming informants. the plaintiff’s lawyer can | | |call informants and set forth grounds to refute the defendant’s instance. This is called a | | |rebuttal. | |Closing Arguments |At the decision of the presentation of the grounds. each party’s lawyer is allowed to | | |make a shutting statement to the jury. | |Jury Instructions. Deliberation. and |Once the shutting statements are completed. the justice reads jury instructions ( or charges ) to | |Verdict |the jury. These instructions inform the jury about what jurisprudence to use when they decide the | | |case. | |Entry of Judgment |After the jury has returned its finding of fact. in most instances the justice will come in a judgement to | | |the successful party. based on the finding of fact. This is the official determination of the tribunal. | 10. List and specify the types of Alternative Dispute Resolution. Negotiation:The simplest signifier of alternate difference declaration is prosecuting in dialogues between the parties to seek to settle a difference. Negotiation is a process whereby the parties to a legal difference engage in treatments to seek to make a voluntary colony of their difference. Negotiation may take topographic point either before a case is filed. after a case is filed. or before other signifiers of alternate difference declaration are used. Arbitration:A common signifier of ADR is arbitration. In arbitration. the parties choose an impartial 3rd party to hear and make up ones mind the difference. This impersonal party is called the arbiter. Mediation:Mediation is a signifier of dialogue in which a impersonal 3rd party assists the challenging parties in making a colony of their difference. The impersonal 3rd party is called a go-between. Mini-Trial:A mini-trial is a voluntary private proceeding in which attorneies for each side present a sawed-off version of their instance to the representatives of both sides. The representatives of each side who attend the mini-trial have the authorization to settle the difference. In many instances. the parties besides hire a impersonal 3rd party— frequently person who is an expert in the field refering the disputed affair or a legal expert—who presides over the mini-trial. After hearing the instance. the impersonal 3rd party frequently is called upon to render an sentiment as to how the tribunal would most likely make up ones mind the instance. Fact-Finding:In some state of affairss. called fact-finding. the parties to a difference employ a impersonal 3rd party to move as a fact-finder to look into the difference. Judicial Referee:If the parties agree. the tribunal may name a judicial referee to carry on a private test and render a judgement. Referees. who are frequently retired Judgess. have most of the same powers as test Judgess. and their determinations stand as judgements of the tribunal. The parties normally reserve their right to appeal. 11. Specify e-dispute declaration. The usage of on-line alternate difference declaration services to decide a difference. 12. Describe the English Common Law system. English Common Law:Law developed by Judgess who issued their sentiments when make up ones minding a instance. The rules announced in these instances became case in point for ulterior Judgess make up ones minding similar instances. The English common jurisprudence can be divided into instances decided by the jurisprudence tribunals. equity tribunals. and merchant tribunals. Law CourtsPrior to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. each vicinity in England was capable to local Torahs. as established by the Godhead or captain in control of the local country. There was no nationwide system of jurisprudence. Chancery ( Equity ) CourtsBecause of some unjust consequences and limited redresss available in the jurisprudence tribunals. a 2nd set of courts—the Court of Chancery ( or equity tribunal ) —was established. These tribunals were under the authorization of the Lord Chancellor. Persons who believed that the determination of a jurisprudence tribunal was unjust or believed that the jurisprudence tribunal could non allow an appropriate redress could seek alleviation in the Court of Chancery. Merchant CourtsAs trade developed during the in-between Ages. the merchandisers who traveled approximately England and Europe developed certain regulations to work out their commercial differences. These regulations. known as the â€Å"law of merchandisers. † or the Law Merchant. were based on common trade patterns and use. Finally. a separate set of tribunals was established to administrate these regulations. This tribunal was called the Merchant Court. 13. What are the beginnings of jurisprudence in the US. Beginnings of Law 1. Consitutions ( province and federal )2. Legislative acts ( province and federal )3. Regulations4. Treaties5. Cases ( province and federal )6. Administrative Agency Rules and Adjudications ( province and federal )7. Procedural regulations of the tribunals ( province and federal )8. Voter Initiatives ( province merely ) 14. define the followers: a. codified jurisprudenceFederal legislative acts are organized by subject into codification books. This is frequently referred to as statute jurisprudence b. presidential executive ordersThe executive subdivision of authorities. which includes the president of the United States and province governors. is empowered to publish executive orders. c. administrative bureau ordinances and ordersAgencies ( such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Trade Commission ) that the legislative and executive subdivisions of federal and province authoritiess are empowered to set up. d. judicial determinationsWhen make up ones minding single cases. federal and province tribunals issue judicial determinations. In these written sentiments. a justice or justness normally explains the legal logical thinking used to make up ones mind the instance. 15. Specify the followers:a. ethical fundamentalismUnder ethical fundamentalism. a individual looks to an outside beginning for ethical regulations or bids. This may be a book ( e. g. . the Bible. the Koran ) or a individual ( e. g. . Karl Marx ) . Critics argue that ethical fundamentalism does non allow people to find right and incorrect for themselves. Taken to an extreme. the consequence could be considered unethical under most other moral theories. b. utilitarianismUtilitarianism is a moral theory with beginnings in the plants of Jeremy Bentham ( 1748–1832 ) and John Stuart ( 1806–1873 ) . This moral theory dictates that people must take the action or follow the regulation that provides the greatest good to society. This does non intend the greatest good for the greatest figure of people. c. Kantian moralssKant believed that people owe moral responsibilities that are based on cosmopolitan regulations. Kant’s doctrine is based on the premiss that people can utilize concluding to make ethical determinations. His ethical theory would hold people behave harmonizing to the categorical imperative â€Å"Do unto others as you would hold them make unto you. † Kantian moralss is a deontological ethical theory foremost proposed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant based on the thought of moral responsibility. It asserts that a good will is the lone per se good thing and that an action is merely good if performed out of responsibility. instead than out of practical demand or desire. This was based on Kant’s accent on ground for developing moral Torahs and his belief in the demand to be able to universalise moral determinations. which led to the rule of the categorical jussive mood. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kantian_ethics ) d. societal justness theoryJohn Locke ( 1632–1704 ) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712–1778 ) proposed a societal contract theory of morality. Under this theory. each individual is presumed to hold entered into a societal contract with all others in society to obey moral regulations that are necessary for people to populate in peace and harmoniousness. This implied contract provinces. â€Å"I will maintain the regulations if everyone else does. † These moral regulations are so used to work out conflicting involvements in society. e. ehical relativism Ethical relativism holds that persons must make up ones mind what is ethical based on their ain feelings about what is right and incorrect. Under thismoral theory. if a individual meets his or her ain moral criterion in doing a determination. no 1 can knock him or her for it. 16. List and specify the societal duties of concern. Maximize Net incomesThe traditional position of the societal duty of concern is that concern should maximise net incomes for stockholders. This position. which dominated concern and the jurisprudence during the nineteenth century. holds that the involvements of other constituencies are non of import in and of themselves. Moral MinimumSome advocates of corporate societal duty argue that a corporation’s responsibility is to do a net income while avoiding doing injury to others. This theory of societal duty is called the moral lower limit. Stakeholder InterestBusinesss have relationships with all kinds of people besides their share-holders. including employees. providers. clients. creditors. and the local community. Under the stakeholder involvement theory of societal duty. a corporation must see the effects its actions have on these other stakeholders. Corporate CitizenshipThe corporate citizenship theory of societal duty argues that concern has a duty to make good. That is. concern is responsible for assisting to work out societal jobs that it did little. if anything. to do. 17. Answer the 3 inquiries after 1. 3 Business Ethics instance 18. Answer the three inquiries after 2. 3 Business Ethics instance 19. Answer the three inquiries after 3. 4 Business Ethics instance Can non happen this questionnaire. delight clearly specify page # 20. Answer the three inquiries after 4. 5 Business moralss instance

Innovative Designs with Traditional Marketing

Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto

CASE: Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts In 1960 Ford Motors produced the first American compact car, the Ford Falcon. In 1964 the Ford Mustang followed, gaining wide favor as a sports car â€Å"for the masses.† Ford executives believed that foreign imports posed a threat to its position in the small car market, and it did not have a sub-compact model to compete with the foreign models. In 1967, Lee Iacocca became president of Ford Motors and directed development of the Ford Pinto, which was released in 1970. The Pinto rapidly gained acceptance and after 6 years over 2 million units had been sold, a company best-seller. The design and planning process for the Pinto was fast-tracked, with an ultimate development time of 38 months exceeding the average time of 43 months. The decision was made to install the gas tank as a strap-on unit under the rear floor pan and behind the rear axle. Late in the design process, however, an engineering study had determined that the safest place for a fuel tank was directly above the rear axle. However, such as design would require a circuitous filler pipe likely to be dislodged in an accident as well as raise the center of gravity thus affecting handling, causing an overall decrease in safety in the opinion of senior engineers. Additionally, such a location would interfere with future options such as a wagon or hatchback, as well as decrease storage space. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed its first rear-end collision fuel system integrity standard, Standard 301, which required less than one ounce of fuel leak per minute after a 20 mph rear-end collision with a moving barrier of 4000 pounds. Ford tested prototype models of the Pinto under this standard, made modifications as necessary and began production of the Pinto. However, in 1970, the NHTSA proposed a 20 mph fixed barrier standard to be met by all vehicle within 18 months, as well as noting that a 30 ... Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto CASE: Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts In 1960 Ford Motors produced the first American compact car, the Ford Falcon. In 1964 the Ford Mustang followed, gaining wide favor as a sports car â€Å"for the masses.† Ford executives believed that foreign imports posed a threat to its position in the small car market, and it did not have a sub-compact model to compete with the foreign models. In 1967, Lee Iacocca became president of Ford Motors and directed development of the Ford Pinto, which was released in 1970. The Pinto rapidly gained acceptance and after 6 years over 2 million units had been sold, a company best-seller. The design and planning process for the Pinto was fast-tracked, with an ultimate development time of 38 months exceeding the average time of 43 months. The decision was made to install the gas tank as a strap-on unit under the rear floor pan and behind the rear axle. Late in the design process, however, an engineering study had determined that the safest place for a fuel tank was directly above the rear axle. However, such as design would require a circuitous filler pipe likely to be dislodged in an accident as well as raise the center of gravity thus affecting handling, causing an overall decrease in safety in the opinion of senior engineers. Additionally, such a location would interfere with future options such as a wagon or hatchback, as well as decrease storage space. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed its first rear-end collision fuel system integrity standard, Standard 301, which required less than one ounce of fuel leak per minute after a 20 mph rear-end collision with a moving barrier of 4000 pounds. Ford tested prototype models of the Pinto under this standard, made modifications as necessary and began production of the Pinto. However, in 1970, the NHTSA proposed a 20 mph fixed barrier standard to be met by all vehicle within 18 months, as well as noting that a 30 ...

Business plan; financial section Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business plan; financial section - Essay Example In approximation, the occupancy expenses add up to $100,000. These expenses are expected to increase as the business grows. However, the company will purchase its own premises as soon as it can. The estimated fixed assets by the receipt master are $200,000. This is because they are not expected to be very many in the business’ first year of operation. These few assets will just be enough to keep the business operating before it makes enough profit to fund its other assets (Friend and Stefan 38). The growth expenses add up to $2.5 million but there is no debt incurred by he receipt master. The growth expenses are expected to increase as the business progresses. Due to the uncertainties that come with the beginning of a new business, the miscellaneous expenses add up to $100,000. However, these expenses are expected to amount to a smaller amount that this due to the extensive research and precise calculations done prior to the actual planning. The figures have been put to the higher side of the probability or the

Benchmark progress towards sustainability Article

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Importance of Communication in Nursing

Importance of Communication in Nursing INTRODUCTION Communication is a process and has many aspects to it. Communication is a dynamic process by which information is shared between individuals (Sheldon 2005). This process requires three components (Linear model), the sender, the receiver and the message (Alder 2003). Communication would not be possible if any of these components are absent. While peate (2006) has suggested that communication is done every day through a linear process, Spouse (2008) argues that it is not so simple and does not follow such a linear process. He explains that due to messages being sent at the same time through verbal and non- verbal avenues, it is expected the receiver is able to understand the way this is communicated. Effective communication needs knowledge of good verbal and non-verbal communication techniques and the possible barriers that may affect good communication. The Nursing and Midwifery council (2008) states that a nurse has effective communication skills before they can register as it are seen as an essential part of a nurses delivery of care. (WAG 2003) Reflecting on communication in practice will also enforce the theory behind communication and allow a nurse to look at bad and good communication in different situations. This will then enforce the use of good communication techniques in a variety of situations allowing for a more interpersonal and therapeutic nurse patient relationship. This assignment discusses health care communication and why it is important in nursing by: Exploring verbal and non-verbal communication and possible barriers By exploring the fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh assembly and the nurse and midwifery councils code of conduct a better understanding of the importance of communication is gained. Reflecting in practice using a scenario from my community posting. VERBAL COMMUNICATION Verbal communication comes in the form of spoken language; it can be formal or informal in its delivery. Verbal Language is one of the primary ways in which we communicate and is a good way to gather information through a question (an integral part of communication) and answer process (Berry 2007; Hawkins and Power 1999). Therefore verbal communication in nursing should be seen as a primary process and a powerful tool in the assessment of a patient. There are two main types of questioning, open-ended questions or closed questions. Open-ended questions tend to warrant more than a one word response and generally start with what, who, where, when, why and how. It invites the patient to talk more around their condition and how they may be feeling and provoke a more detailed assessment to be obtained (Stevenson 2004). The use open-ended questions make the patient feel they have the attention of the nurse and they are being listened too (Grover 2005). It allows for a psychological focus to be given, this feeling of interest in all aspects of the patients care allows for a therapeutic relationship to develop (Dougherty 2008). Closed questions looks for very specific information about the patient (Dougherty 2008). They are very good at ascertaining factual information in a short space of time (Baillie 2005). There are two types of closed questions: the focused and the multiple choice questions. Focused questions tend to acquire information about a particular clinical situation (e.g. asking a patient who is been prescribed Ibuprofen, are you asthmatic?) whereas multiple choice questions tend to be more based on the nurses understanding of the condition being assessed. It can be used as a tool to help the patient describe for example the pain they feel e.g. is the pain dull, sharp, throbbing etc (Stevenson 2004). For verbal communication to be effective, good listening skills is essential. Difficulty in sharing information, concerns or feelings could arise if the person you are communicating with thinks you are not being attentive and interested in what they are saying (Andrews 2001). Good active listening can lead to a better understanding of the patients most recent health issues (Sheldon 2005). Poor listening could be as a result of message overload, physical noise, poor effort and psychological noise. Therefore being prepared to listen and putting the effort and time are essential in a nurses role (Grover 2005). NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION This type of communication does not involve spoken language and can sometimes be more effective than words that are spoken. About 60 65 per cent of communication between people is through non verbal behaviours and that these behaviours can give clues to feelings and emotions the patient may be experiencing (Foley 2010, p. 38). Non-verbal communication functions as a replacement for speech; to re affirm verbal communication; to control the flow of communication; to convey emotions; to help define relationships and also a way of giving feedback. The integration between verbal language and paralanguage (vocal), can affect communication received (Spouse 2008) Berry (2007) highlights the depth of verbal language due to the use of paralinguistic language. The way we ask a question, the tone, and pitch, volume and speed all have an integral part to play in non verbal communication. In his opinion, personality is shown in the way that paralanguage is used as well as adding depth of meaning in the presentation of the message been communicated. Foley (2010) identifies studies where language has no real prevalence in getting across emotional feelings, in the majority of cases the person understands the emotion even if they dont understand what is being said. Paralanguage therefore is an important tool in identifying the emotional state of a patient. Non-verbal actions (kinesis) can communicate messages, such as body language, touch, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. By using the universal facial expressions of emotion, our face can show many emotions without verbally saying how we feel (Foley 2010) refer to Appendix 2. For example, we raise our eye brows when surprised, or open our eyes wider when shocked. First impressions are vital for effective interaction; by remembering to smile with your eyes as well as your mouth can communicate an approachable person who is open. This can help to reassure a patient who is showing signs of anxiety (Mason 2010). BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION The understanding of the barriers to communication is also very important for effective communication and taken into consideration could result in a failure in communication. The Welsh Assemblys fundamentals of care (2003) showed that many of the problems associated with health and social care was due to failures in communication. These barriers may be the messenger portraying a judgmental or power attitude. Dickson (1999) suggested that social class can be a barrier to communication by distorting the message being given and received as would be the case if the patients feel they occupy an inferior status thus making communication difficult and awkward. Environmental barriers such as a busy ward and a stressed nurse could influence effective communication. This can greatly reduce the level of empathy and communication given as suggested by Endacott (2009). People with learning disabilities come up against barriers in communicating their needs, due to their inability to communicate verbally, or unable to understand complex new information. This leads to a breakdown in communication and their health care needs being met (Turnbull 2010). Timby (2005) stresses that when effectively communicating with patients the law as well as the NMC (2008) guidelines for consent and confidentiality must be adhered to. This also takes into account handing over to other professionals. He suggests that a patients rights to autonomy should be upheld and respected without any influence or intimidation, regardless of age, religion, gender or race. The use of communication in practice is essential and reflecting on past experience helps for a better understanding of communication, good and bad. REFLECTION Reflecting on my experience while on placement in a G.P with a practice nurse in south Wales Valleys, has helped me understand and gain practical knowledge in communicating effectively in nursing practice. The duration was for one week and includes appointments in several clinics to do with C.O.P.D and diabetes. I will be reflecting upon one of such appointments using the Gibbss reflective cycle (1988). Description Due to confidentiality (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mrs A.E. The Nurse called Mrs A.E to come to the appointment room. I could see she was anxious through her body language (palm trembling and sweaty, fidgety, calm and rapid speech). The nurse asked her to sit down. The nurse gained consent for me to sit in on her review (NMC, 2008). The review started with a basic questionnaire the nurse had pre generated on the computer. It was a fairly closed questionnaire around her breathing including how it was, when it was laboured. Questions were also asked around her medication and how she was taking her pumps. Reflecting on these questions, I feel that the way the questions did not leave much opportunity for Mrs A.E to say anything else apart from the answer to that question and the nurse controlled the communication flow. The Nurse did not have much eye contact with the patient and was facing the computer rather than her patient. I wondered if the nurse had notice the anxious non-verbal communication signs. The patient seemed almost on the verge of tears, I wasnt sure if this was anxiety or distress from being unwell, barrier of social class or if the lady was unhappy about something else. I felt quite sorry for her as all her body language communicated to me that she was not happy. She had her arms crossed across her body (an indication of timidity) and she did not smile, she also looked very tense and uncomfortable. The Nurse went on with the general assessment and did the lung test and I took the blood pressure and pulse, gaining consent first as required by the NMC. Once all the questions had been answered on the computer the Nurse turned to face Mrs A.E and I noticed she had eye contact with her and had her body slightly tilted toward the patient (non verbal communication). The Nurse gave her information on why her asthma may be a bit worse at the moment and gave her clear and appropriate information on how she can make herself more comfortable. The Nurse gave her lots of guidance on the use of her three different pumps, and got her to repeat back to her the instructions she had given to make sure she understood. I could feel the patient getting more at easy as the communication progressed and also on the confirmation that she understood the instruction. The Nurse knew this patient well and then set the rest of the time talking to the patient about any other concerns she had and how she was f eeling in herself, using a more open question technique. The nurse used her active listening skills and allowed the patient to talk about her problems and gave her empathy at her situation as well and some solutions to think about. She gave the patient information of a support group that helped build up confidence in people with chronic conditions and helped them deal with the emotional side of their condition. Feelings After the patient had gone, my mentor explained that the patient was a known regular patient to the clinic, that she had many anxiety issues which werent helped by her chronic asthma. Through-out the beginning of the review I felt very awkward. I thought because I was sitting in on the review may have been the reason the lady had not said why she seemed so anxious and upset. I also felt the nurse was not reacting to the sign of anxiety from Mrs A.E and this made me feel uncomfortable. I felt like I wanted to ask her if she was ok, but felt that I couldnt interrupt the review. However by the end of the review I felt a lot better about how it had gone. I did feel that by building up a relationship with the patients allowed the nurse to understand the communication needs of the patient and also allowed her to use the time she had effectively. She used empathy in her approach to the lady and actively listened to her. I understand that the start of the review was about getting the facts of the condition using a lot of closed questions, whereas the later part of the review was a more open questions and non verbal communication approach, allowing the patient to speak abo ut any concerns and feelings about those questions asked earlier. Evaluation Effectively using closed questions allow for a lot of information to be gathered in a short space of time, and can be specific to the patients review needs. These pre-generated questionnaires are good at acquiring the information needed by the G.P. and also for good record keeping which are essential in the continuity of care delivered to the patient. It can also protect the nurse from any litigation issues. The use of open and closed questions also allowed for the review to explore the thoughts and feelings of the patient, thus allowing for empathy from the nurse and is considered a vital part of the counselling relationship (Chowdhry, 2010 pg. 22). However the use of the computer screen facing away from the patient, did not allow for good non-verbal communication skills to be used. The lack of eye contact from the nurse may have exacerbated the anxiety felt by the patient. Hayward (1975, p. 50) in a summary of research into anxiety noted uncertainty about illness or future problems was linked to anxiety and therefore linked to pain. Nazarko (2009) points out, it is imperative that a person has the full attention of the nurse when they are communicating. He states that being aware of ones own non-verbal behaviours, such as posture and eye contact can have an effect on how communication is received by the patient. As evident in the reflection, the patient at the beginning of the review was anxious, upset and worried. By the end of the review her body language had significantly changed. The patient looked and felt a lot better in herself and had a better understanding of how her condition was affecting her and understood how to manage it. Whereas, bad communication would have caused more stress and aggression (Nursing standard 34 (30) 2010). This also links back to the need to understand medical conditions so that communication is channelled to the patients needs at the time. The fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh Assembly Government (2003), states that communication is of upmost importance in the effectiveness of care given by nurses. By looking at all the fundamentals of communication and the effect on patient care we can understand and recognise that the communication in this reflection was a good communication in practice. Analysis The closed questions were used at the beginning of the review, had their advantages. They allowed the nurse to focus the on the specific clinical facts needed to be recorded. The start of the review used mainly closed questions to get all the clinical facts needed to be recorded, such as Personal information, Spirometry results, blood pressure, drug management of COPD (Robinson, 2010). The structured approach allows the nurse to evaluate using measurable outcomes and thus interventions adjusted accordingly (Dougherty, 2008). The closed question approach allows the consultation to be shortened if time is an issue. However the disadvantage of this as identified by Berry (2007) is that important information may be missed. The use of closed questions on a computer screen hindered the use of non-verbal communication. Not allowing for eye contact, which is an important aspect of effective communication. The use of open questions in the review allowed the patient to express how they were feeling about their condition or any other worries. The nurse used active listening skills, communicated in her non-verbal behaviour. It gave the opportunity to the patient to ask for advice on any worries they might have. The use of open questions can provoke a long and sometimes not totally relevant response (Baillie, 2005), using up valuable time. The use of Egan (1990, p. 46) acronym SOLER allowed the nurse to focus on the skill of actively listening. Eye contact is another important part of communication in the reflective scenario. The eye contact at the start of the review was limited. The nurse made slight eye contact when asking the closed questions, but made none when given the answer. This may have contributed to the patients anxious state. However, the eye contact given during the open questions section. At this stage, there were several eye contacts between the nurse and patient and information was given and understood. The value of eye contact in communication is invaluable and has great effect at reducing symptoms of anxiety (Dougherty 2008). Reflection conclusion The use of communication in this COPD review was very structured. The use of closed questions helped to structure the consultation and acquire lots of information from the patient. The open questions allowed for the patient to express any feeling or concerns. The nurse used verbal and non-verbal communication methods, to obtain information about the patient; assess any needs and communicate back to the patient, within the time period. However in my opinion, if the computer screen was moved closer to the patient during the closed question section, better interaction could have been established from the beginning. It would also allow the nurse to look at the patient when asking the questions leading to a more therapeutic relationship, whilst still obtaining and recording a large amount of information. Therefore, the use of effective communication skills as seen in this review along with a person centred approach can significantly increase better treatment and care given to the patient (Spouse, 2008) and thus signifies good communication in practice. Action Plan The goal of the plan is to increasing patient participation in the use of the computer as an interactive tool. By allowing the patient to see what is on the screen and being written, allows the patient to feel more involved in the assessment and takes away any feeling of inferiority from social class difference. In attempt to achieving these goals, the following steps would be taken: Set up a team to investigate the issue which could involve nursing staffs or other hospital staffs. Drawing up a feedback questionnaire, to investigate how patients feel about the closed questions on the computer, including a section on how they would feel if they were allowed to look at the screen. Collation, analysis and review of the results of the feedback Identify barriers to the implementation of the plan (e.g. willingness of nurses to this change). Inform the NMC on the issues and the findings from the feedback questionnaire. Implementation of the plan. Set up a monitoring and evaluation team to see if the plan is being implemented appropriately. CONCLUSION This assignment has looked at communication and its importance in nursing practice. Communication is thus an iterative process involving the interaction between one or more persons using verbal and non-verbal methods. Understanding the barriers to communication contributes significantly to how effective a nurse communicates in practice. The use of questioning in nursing has been a valuable tool in assessing a patient and obtaining information. However the way this is done can have an effect on the development of empathy, trust, genuineness and respect, between the nurse and the patient. It is imperative for nurses to however reflect on their communication in practice to further improve the therapeutic relationship between them and the patient as has been identified as essential in the delivery of care (WAG 2003). REFERENCES Alder, RB. Rodman, G. 2003. Understanding human communication (8th edition). USA: Oxford university press Andrews C, Smith J (2001) Medical Nursing (11th edition) London: Harcourt Publishers limited Berry, D. 2007. Basic forms of communication. Cited in. Payne, S. Horn, S. ed. Health communication theory and practice. England: Open university press. Chowdhry, S. 2010. Exploring the concept of empathy in nursing: can lead to abuse of patient trust. Nursing times 160 (42) pg 22-25 Dickson, D. 1999. Barriers to communication. Cited In: Long, A. ed. Interaction for practice in community nursing. England: Macmillian press LTD, pp. 84-132 Dougherty, L. Lister,S. ed. 2008. The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Student edition. 7th edition. Italy: Wiley-Blackwell Egan, G. 1990. The skilled helper: A systematic approach to effective helping. (4th edition). California: Brooks /Cole Ekman, p. Friesen, WV. 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice-hall INC Endacott R, Jevon P, Cooper S (2009) Clinical Nursing Skills Core and Advanced. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Foley, GN. 2010. Non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 7 (6) pg. 38-44 Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Oxford futher education unit. Grover, SM. 2005. Shaping effective communication skills and therapeutic relationship at work. Aaohn journal 53 (4) pg. 177-182 Hawkins, K. Power, C. 1999. Gender differences in questions asked during small decision-making group discussions, small group research.(30) pg.235-256 Hayward, J. 1975. Information A prescription against pain. London: Royal college of nursing. Pg. 50 Marie- Claire Mason (2010) Effective interaction: Nursing Standard 24 (31) pp 25. Nazarko, L. 2009. Advanced communication skills. British journal of healthcare assistants. 3 (09) pg 449-452 Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London. NMC Peate, I. 2006. Becoming a nursein the 21st century. England: Wiley and Son Robinson, T. 2010. Empowering people to self-manage COPD with management plans and hand held records. Nursing times. 106 (38) pg. 12-14 Sale, J. Neal, NM. 2005. The nurses approach: self-awareness and communication. Cited in Ballie, L. ed. Developing practical nursing skills (2nd edition). London: Oxford university press. Pg. 33-57 Sheldon, L. 2005. Communication for nurses: Talking with patients. London: Jones and Bartlett publishers. Spouse, J. Cook, M. Cox, C. 2008. Common foundation studies in nursing (4th edition). London: Churchill livingstone. Stevenson C, Grieves M, Stein Parbury J 2004 Patient and Person: Empowering Interpersonal relationships in Nursing London. Elsevier Limited. Timby BK (2005) Fundemental Nursing Skills and Concepts Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Turnbull J, Chapman S (2010) Supporting Choice in Health Care for People with Learning Disabilities. Nursing Standard 24 (22) pg 50 55 Welsh Assembly Government (2003) Fundamentals of Care Guidance for Health and Social Care Staff Cardiff: WAG Importance of Communication in Nursing Importance of Communication in Nursing Communication in nursing Introduction Communication in nursing is vital to quality and safe nursing care (Judd, 2013). There is evidence that continues to show that breakdowns in communication can be responsible for many medication errors, unnecessary health care costs and inadequate care to the patient (Judd, 2013). Several reports exist from the Institute of Medicine that stress the importance of good communication and its link to providing safe and reliable care (Judd, 2013). (Smith Pressman, 2010). However, even nurses with the best communication skills can be challenged by difficult situations such as life threatening threatening illness or injury, complicated family relationships, and mental health issues, to symptoms such as unrelieved pain and nausea. How a nurse may respond during these situations depends on many factors. Each nurse brings their own history, culture, experience, and personality to a situation. Communication in the workplace can either be horizontal among workers at the same hierarchical level, vertical among workers in different hierarchical levels or diagonal amongst different workers in different hierarchical levels. All these kinds of communication are crucial in the work environment because work needs to be done and goals need to be met. A communication channel is made up of three components made up of the sender of the message (encoder), the channel of sending the message and the receiver of the message (decoder) (Anderson, 2013). For effective communication to be achieved, the encoder and the decoder must be able to understand one another. This paper will discuss some strategies which could be implemented to improve both written and verbal communication between nurses, health professionals and between patients and the health care team. Communication, a fundamental aspect of nursing, is a complex, continual transactional process that occurs between persons by which information, feelings, and meaning are conveyed through verbal and non verbal messages (Peereboom, 2012). It is crucial for nurses to identify communication strategies that should be put into consideration every time they are involved in conversations involving their line of practice. This is because clear and accurate communication strategies enable them to identify effective patterns in their interactions and in teaching themselves to improve their patient education techniques. Handover communication between practitioners may at times seclude crucial information and is even prone to misinterpretation. Such communication breakups and challenges can lead to intense mishaps in the continuity of health care, incorrect treatment, and potential harm to the patient in general (Memoire, 2007). Simple strategies can easily impart critical information just by eye sight. For instance, nurses are able to communicate critical patient status issues like allergies and fall risk with color-coded patient identification wrist bands or stickers on their medical records, a seat belt or flag attached to a wheel chair, or any other objects which are easily identifiable by all medical practitioners (Joint contribution resources, 2005). The use of local jargon can also be avoided when making professional conversations because some words may portray a meaning that was not intended or is not readily understood by a large number of people. Assimilation of the ISBAR tool is a strategy that has been really helpful in enhancing communication in the healthcare sector when used. Identifying yourself (I), availability of the situation (S), background (B), assessment (A), and recommendations (R) facilitates communication allowing each health practitioner to receive and give important information in a format that satisfies numerous communication styles and needs (Dixon et al., 2006). This tool should be adopted by everyone to improve communication is because this technique utilizes the use of one common language for passing on critical information without leaving out anything. Another strategy that can be used to improve communication in healthcare centers is the Crew Resource Management technique which is both a communication and team building technique (ECRI, 2009). This strategy trains members of the healthcare sector to assert themselves respectively and be attentive when they are being spoken to and also encourages them to make use of briefings. Briefings are direct communications between physicians, nurses or other caregivers acting on patient status which includes sharing of important information at critical times, such as before the start of a procedure, at the change of shift and during normal patient rounds (ECRI, 2009). COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PATIENTS AND THE HEALTH CARE TEAM One stratergy that can be used to improve communication between patients and the health care team is the use of ‘The World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist’. This checklist is to be used in operating suites to ensure everyone involved with the patient including the patient understands what procedure they are having ad gives prompts to tick off so important information is not missed during handovers leading to reduced inpatient complications and death (Department of Health, 2010). In addition to the patient, their family members or next of kin can also be included in the rounds further increasing the opportunity for direct dialogue which reduces the development of complications which arise as a result of miscommunication in the form of home care. It is important to note that if personal care by the family of the patient is not provided as requested by the medical practitioner, cohesive care is not accomplished and the opportunity to achieve patient care goals will not be met (O’Leary et al., 2010). Joint commission reports also indicate that health practitioners should also encourage patients to actively participate in their own care as a strategy to enhance communicational barriers (Stein, 2006). Successful interactions are always co-constructed, involving a constant interplay among the two parties. When the patient and the healthcare provider are comfortable with one another communicating becomes easy and more effective in the sense that the healthcar e provider will be able to solve the needs of the patient. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HEALTH CARE DISCIPLINES Communication between medical practitioners can greatly influence the general patients care outcomes. Medical practitioners are in the frontline to investigate and identify communication challenges and try to implement solutions that fit their line of duty. Some further research is also being carried out to evaluate potential solutions and more successful options (Rosenstein, 2005). Creating a collaborative relationship between nurses and other medical practitioners is also another strategy that can help reduce communicational barriers and thus improve the general treatment of patients (Arora, 2005). With regard to Schmalenberg and Kramer (2005), â€Å"MD/ RN collaboration is reflected in reduced patient mortality, fewer transfers back to the ICU, reduced costs, decreased length of stay in hospitals, higher nurse autonym, retention, nurse-perceived high quality care, and nurse job satisfaction†. Larabee (2006) also found out that positive relationships between medical practitioners were a major contributing factor to improved nursing job satisfaction and retention. Positive collegial relationships therefore result from good communication, mutual acceptance and understanding, use of persuasion rather than coercion, and a balance of reason and emotion when working with others (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009, pg. 7). COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NURSES A number of strategies have been set up to address communication issues among nurses. For instance, the implementation of unit based care teams places nurses and people like physicians close to one another thus increasing the chances of communicating effectively (Gordon et al, 2011). The introduction of compulsory bed rounds is also another strategy that has enabled nurses to reduce communication barriers and promote effective communication thus creating patient health satisfaction and general health care providers satisfaction in their duties. The continuous flow of interruptions and multiple patient handoffs affect the ability of nurses and physicians to connect effectively, and establish a trusting and collegial relationship (Tschannen et al., 2011). The fact that the working environment of nurses and other medical practitioners is rather different also induces a number of communication barriers with regard to the intensity of activities on a normal working day (Burns, 2011).this could be improv4d by†¦ Communication challenges are recognized when set goals or achievements are not met or when there is great employee turnover. Technological advances have opened up communication across boundaries of different countries meaning that people with different languages, behaviors and culture interact with one another (Krizan, 2010).In the health care sector in particular, the most pertinent communication barrier is the inability for colleagues to interact physically as they are separated in different departments (Vignam, 2013). This lack of interaction minimizes the ability for team members to collaborate wholly in the sense that the ability to analyze body language and create a sense of energy among team members is null. This can be improved by†¦ Barriers Barriers to communication that exist are the use of machinery and equipment that might malfunction and deliver the message later than expected thus reducing the urgency of information. In addition to this, these machines are not able to express aspects of speech such as tone thus making them a true barrier to effective communication. Language is also a major communication barrier in the case where colleagues do not speak the same language or where they have difficulty in articulating clearly in one common language. The use of local idioms, jargon and acronyms further complicates language and kills communication among team members who find certain words ambiguous (Lingard, 2005). A patient in a hospital setting usually sees more than one health care practitioner and specialist during their stay (Memoire, 2007). Handover communication between practitioners may at times seclude crucial information and is even prone to misinterpretation. By improving communication among healthcare professionals the delivery of patient care improves and is saferStrong and effective nursing care is enriched and strengthened by good communication (2) In Victoria, the direct cost of medical errors in public hospitals is estimated at half a billion dollars annually [1]. Today, healthcare is evermore complex and diverse, and improving communication among healthcare professionals is likely to support the safe delivery of patient care. References Anderson, P., 2013. Technical communication, cengage learning, Canada Arora V, Johnson J, Lovinger D. (2005) Communication failures in patient sign-out and suggestions for improvement: a critical incident analysis. Qual Saf Health Care Burns, K. (2011). Nurse-physician rounds: A collaborative approach to improving communication, efficiencies, and perception of care. MEDSURG Nursing Dixon, J., Larison, K., Zabari, M. (2006). Skilled communication: Making it real. AACN Advanced Critical Care College of nurses of Ontario. (2009), conflict prevention and management, Toronto, ON ECRI. (2009), Healthcare risk control, 5200 butler pike, Plymouth meeting, PA 19462-1298, USA Fernandez, R., Tran, D., Johnson, M., Jones, S. (2010).Interdisciplinary communication in general medical and surgical wards using two different models of nursing care delivery. Journal Of Nursing Management Gordon, M., Melvin, P., Graham, D., Fifer, E., Chiang, V., Sectish, T., Landrigan, C. (2011). Unit-based care teams and the frequency and quality of physician-nurse communications. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine Joint commission resources. (2005), issues and strategies for nurse leaders: meeting hospital challenges today, joint commission resources, Inc, USA Krizan, A., Merrier, P., Logan, J., Williams, K., 2010. Business communication: Business communication series, Mason: USA: Cengage learning Larabee, L., Janney, M., Ostrow, C. Withrow, M. Hobbs, G. Burant, C. (2007), predicting registered nurse job satisfaction and intent to leave, journal of nursing Lingard L, Espin S, Rubin B. (2005) Getting teams to talk: development and pilot implementation of a checklist to promote interprofessional communication in the OR. Qual Saf Health Care Memoire, A. (2007), communicating during patient hand over, patient safety solutions, vol 1 O’Leary, K., Thompson, J., Landler, M., Kulkarni, N., Hawiley, C., Jeon, J.Williams, M. (2010). Patterns of nurse-physician communication and agreement on the plan of care. Quality and Safety in Healthcare Peereboom, K. (2012), facilitating goals of care discussions for patients with life limiting disease- communication strategies for nurses, journal of hospice and palliative care Rosenstein AH, ODaniel M. (2005). Disruptive behavior clinical outcomes: Perceptions of nurses and physicians.American Journal of Nursing Stein JS. (2006) Improving patient safety communication. Presented at: Philadelphia Area Society for Healthcare Risk Management; Mar 16; ECRI Institute, Plymouth Meeting (PA). Schmalenberg, C. Kramer, M., King, C. (2005), excellence through evidence: securing collegial nurse physician relationships, journal of nursing administration Schmalenberg, C., Kramer, M. (2009). Nurse-physician relationships in hospitals: 20,000 nurses tell their story. Critical Care Nurse Vigman, S., 2013. Global challenges: communication and culture: people issues in a global environment, workforce solutions review Department of Health 2010 Promoting effective communication among healthcare professionals to improve patient safety 1-1-7 Retrieved from http://www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/downloads/communication_paper_120710.pdf http://www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycoun http://www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/downloads/communication_paPromoting effective co Importance of Communication in Nursing Importance of Communication in Nursing Communication is a huge topic and can be considered on many different levels from a professional viewpoint. We can consider issues such as the relevance of various forms of communication between the healthcare professionals and the patient which, ultimately determines many of the parameters of treatment (and compliance).(Stewart M 1995) We can also consider the importance of communication between healthcare professionals themselves which can cause inordinate problems for the patient if they are less than optimal. (Hogard E et al. 2006) Firstly, communication requires a definition. There are many attempts at trying to define the essence of communication. They all differ in detail but, in essence, they all describe a complex process of both sending and receiving messages which can be either verbal or non-verbal or, more commonly, a mixture of both. This interchange allows for an exchange of information, feelings, needs, and preferences. Typically the two protagonists in a communication exchange will encode and decode messages in a cyclic pattern. Each making an analysis and response to the preceding gambit. (Wilkinson SA et al. 1999) In the context of professional nursing, its purpose is generally manifold but will include the means of establishing a nurse-patient relationship, to be a tool for expressing concerns or interest in the patient’s circumstances, to elicit information relevant to the patient’s condition and to provide healthcare information. (Bugge E et al. 2006) Implicit in the process of communication is the achievement of a shared understanding of meaning. This is validated by the process of feedback interpretation which indicates if the actual meaning of the message was interpreted as it was originally intended. Communication can be categorised into both type and level. In a nursing-specific context, the level of communication can be defined as â€Å"Social† which is considered to be safe and non-contentious, â€Å"Structuredâ€Å", which is typically utilised for situations of teaching and patient interviews and â€Å"Therapeutic† which has the characteristic of being specifically patient focussed, purposeful and generally time limited. If this is successful it develops further characteristics such as the nurse comes to regard the patient as a unique individual and begins to understand their motivations, and the patient develops a trust in the nurse. It is within this communication context that the nurse is generally able to try to provide care and, more importantly in some instances, help patient identify, resolve, or adapt to health problems. (DAngelica M et al. 1998) The types of communication are capable of endless subdivisions, but in broad terms, they are classified as verbal and non-verbal. The verbal communication requires, by definition, the conscious use of the spoken or written word. The nature, grammar and syntax of the words can reflect the patient’s mental age, their education, their culture and in some cases their mental state and feelings of the moment. Certain inferences can be made from the way the words are delivered such as their choice, their tone or pace of delivery. The characteristics most favourable for efficient and effective communication are that the words should be â€Å"simple, brief, clear, well timed, relevant, adaptable, credible†. (Philipp R et al. 2005) Non-verbal communication relies on the interpretation of facial expressions, hand gestures, and body language. This is an extremely subtle means of communication and can give credence (or otherwise) to the spoken word. In the nursing context, non-verbal communication can be manipulated to the nurse’s advantage to help to elicit information that may otherwise not have been forthcoming. It has been estimated that non-verbal communication accounts for up to 85% of information transfer between communicating adults. In the professional nursing context it requires both systematic observation and careful assessment and interpretation to derive the full meaning of what the patient wishes to convey. Most importantly, the nurse should be aware of incongruity between the verbal message and the non-verbal cues. The patient who smiles while describing a terrible pain is one such example. (Musselman C et al. 1999) Implicit in the understanding and correct interpretation of the non-verbal cues, (and to a lesser extent the verbal ones), is an appreciation of the various environmental and circumstantial factors which can affect the process of communication. There are a number of factors that are of relevance to the clinical situation, including the culture, developmental level, physical psychological barriers that pertain to the patient, their personal space (proxemics) and territoriality that they perceive, the roles and relationships of the people that they are speaking to, the local environment, and their personal attitudes and values and level of self esteem. (Derjung M et al. 2006) On a personal level, I find communication skills most important in the context of the nursing report. One can experience situations where a report is given and very little real information is passed between professionals. Other situations can occur where perhaps the same length of time is taken but enormous amounts of information can be derived from a good report. I recall one particular handover report which, despite being fairly long, left me with no clear information as to what was going on with the patients on the ward. I couldn’t recognise them as people and they were presented more as cattle. The report itself was completely task orientated and comprised little more than a list of jobs that the nurse herself had not been able to accomplish that day. If we consider the literature on the subject we can note that the nursing report predates the Nightingale era. (Carrick P 2000). The nursing profession has evolved as have the requirements, demands and procedures employed. The nursing report is no exception to this evolution. As with any process that involves humans, there is an intrinsic variability. It is seldom perfect and its standard can vary all the way from excellent to dreadful (RCN.2003) In consideration of comments made earlier in this essay we note that the issue of report giving is capable of considerable improvement with learning. This was demonstrated by two independent researchers who produced two seminal papers on the subject coincidentally at virtually the same time. (Ljukkonen A 1992) (Kihlgren et al 1992). In essence, their studies were a period of observation and analysis, a training period and then another period of reanalysis. There is no merit in considering the entire paper in detail here, but the significant findings (in terms of communication) were that before the training the reports were generally: Highly task oriented and (it was noted that) the staff often discussed the patients reaction in vague and general terms without imparting any specific or useful information. The authors were also able to comment that the nursing process was seldom adhered to during the structuring of the report. During the post training assessment the authors noted that the most significant areas of change were: More messages were given per report after the intervention compared to the control ward and the messages with psychosocial content had doubled. The relevance to communication issues is clear. These two studies show that communication is not necessarily innate, but is a skill that can be both learned and enhanced. Good communication equates with both efficiency and, in the case of these two studies, â€Å"less dissatisfaction and a greater team empathy between nursing colleagues which led to more collaboration between the various teams working on the ward.† There are a number of ways in which we can approach the discussion of such topics and we shall consider a few specific different types of communication as an illustrative vehicle for discussion. Much original and groundbreaking work in the area of communication in the healthcare setting was done by Orlando about two decades ago (Orlando I. J. 1987) who suggested that one of the core roles of the healthcare professionals (he was writing specifically about nurses at the time) was to: â€Å"ascertain and prioritise the patient’s needs and instigate and plan appropriate help.† Few would disagree with this comment, but it is clear that effective and precise communication between patient and nurse is essential if the patient’s needs are to be ascertained accurately in the first instance. Communication between healthcare professionals, the patient and other legitimately interested parties such as carers, is then vital if such a plan is then to be optimally implemented The importance of communication as a skill is clearly demonstrated by the fact that it is currently included as one of the six core skills required of the modern nurse manager. (ICN 1998). Another indicator of the importance of good communication is the fact that the majority of complaints currently made to UK Hospital Trusts can ultimately be traced back to poor communication (Richards T 1999). Communication is an attribute and skill that is rarely intuitive. (Davies et al. 2002). There are a great many papers which demonstrate the fact that communication skills can be improved at all levels of competence with both practice and learning. (Hulsman R L et al. 1999) A particularly comprehensive review has been recently published by Heinmann-Koch (2005) which gives an excellent analysis of the strengths and deficiencies in the communication skills of a number of healthcare professionals and the authors make a number of recommendations to address the shortcomings that they identified. The authors quantify the essential skills of communication as â€Å"Personal insight, sensitivity, and knowledge of communication strategies†. The latter being considered vital to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of one’s communication abilities. If we consider the professional standing on issues of communication, we can note that the Royal College of Nursing has earmarked communication skill as a specific â€Å"competence goal† and the Royal College of Physicians have now included a specific element of assessment in communication skills in their Part II membership exam with elements of information gathering and information giving being specifically assessed. (RCP 2002) Dacre summarises the important elements of the healthcare professional / patient interaction thus: The importance of reflection before a consultation in order to form a clear agenda of the overall aims of the consultation and prepare questions. Checking the patient’s name as an appropriate opening gambit. Starting with an open question. Use a mixture of open and closed questions, structuring the questions carefully, and exploring each area in full before moving on. Make sure each question is effective. Take care not to interrogate patients. Avoid the use of overtly medical language and check at each stage that patients have understood what is being said. Ensure that the healthcare professional does not push his or her own agenda. Allow patients time to finish speaking, using verbal and non-verbal cues to makes it clear that the healthcare professional is listening. Respond to the information that the patient has given to show that this has been heard and understood. Use careful interjections to redirect the interview if necessary. Avoid premature closure (finishing very quickly). There should be a summary—for example, recapping decisions which have been made, and agreement of an immediate plan for the next step. (after Dacre J et al. 2004) In order to explore the area of communication more fully, we will consider a number of specific instances as illustrative examples. We shall begin with the study by Coiera (E et al. 1998). The study starts with the comment: The healthcare system seems to suffer enormous inefficiencies because of poor communication infrastructure and practices. It then cites the Smith paper (Smith A F et al. 2005) which points out the fact that communication problems were the most common cause of preventable disability or death, and were nearly twice as common as those due to inadequate medical skill This study took a cohort of 10 healthcare professionals working in a hospital setting and analysed all of their professionally based communications. For efficiency and content. The paper itself was both long and involved and some of the findings are only of peripheral relevance to our considerations here, so we shall confine our discussions to the parts that are relevant The first major finding was that there was a tremendous range of topics dealt with, ranging from the clinical to the administrative. The authors comment that efficiency of communication is inversely proportional to the diversity of topics. In other words, communication in a designated clinic setting, where all of the problems are likely to have a similar thrust, is more likely to be efficient than conversations encountered in a general ward on general topics. The second general finding was that efficiency of communication was significantly impaired by the frequency of interruptions. It follows that protected time in a consultation, free from interruptions, is more likely to be an efficient communication than one that is frequently interrupted. Interruptions were seen to be associated with a number of well recognised psychological responses including diversion of attention, forgetfulness, and errors. (Blum N J et al. 1992) Paradoxically, the authors found that the most junior staff, (I.e. the least likely to be experienced in communication skills), were the most likely to be interrupted, while the senior staff were the least likely to have their consultations interrupted. We have already considered a number of the factors that can influence communication and various communication strategies can be usefully employed to assist in eliciting appropriate information. Active listening is perhaps the most useful basic tool that the nurse can use. When interacting with the patient, the nurse should endeavour to utilise strategies that will facilitate both conversation and elaboration. Mechanisms such as use of broad opening statements, reflecting, open ended statements and directive questions can be strategically employed to elicit appropriate information. (Huizinga G A et al. 2005) Many patients will not be used to expressing themselves clearly and concisely, and can be helped by techniques such as acknowledging feelings, using silence as a prompt, reflection, and stating personal observations. All of these factors can be enhanced if used alongside strategies that communicate mutual understanding. (Yedidia M J et al. 2003) We have presented evidence that communication is the medium of mutual understanding. We should therefore not leave this area without making comment on some strategies that the professional nurse can employ to maximise the empathetic understanding of those that she is communicating with. These strategies are important not only in the nurse / patient interaction but also in the teaching environment. Ensuring that the message is thoroughly communicated and understood requires techniques such as clarifying, validating, verbalizing implied thoughts and feelings, focusing, using closed questions and summary statements. The converse of this argument is that the nurse should also be aware of issues that are potential barriers to communication. The absence of positive and attentive listening is a powerful disincentive to most forms of communication. The patient who perceives that they are not being listened to is not likely to produce any useful information. Other barrier behaviours include the use of reassuring clichà ©s, giving advice, expressing approval/disapproval, requesting an explanation (asking why?), defending, belittling feelings, stereotyped comments, changing the subject. (Arora V et al. 2005) We have devoted the majority of this examination to the spoken modes of communication, but we should not overlook that the written word is an equally important means of communicating ones thoughts to others, particularly on an interprofessional basis. In order to maximise the efficiency of communication a written report should ideally be brief, concise, comprehensive, factual, descriptive, objective, both relevant and appropriate and legally prudent. (Young B et al. 2003) In this assessment one should draw attention to the distinction between being both brief and concise. Brief equates with shortness as undue length will allow the reader’s attention to wander, whereas being concise implies an absence of irrelevant detail thereby allowing an emphasis on what is important. Conclusions. The preparation and literature review has allowed ample time for reflection on the issues raised. (Taylor, E. 2000). 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