Phi-105 Week Five Checkpoint – Moral Character View Points

CheckPoint: Moral Character View Points PHI/105: Intro. To Philosophy Due Date: 10/05/2011 Instructor: Geth Allison Moral Character View Points Referencing week four discussion concerning moral character, one viewpoint my discussion group overall agreed upon including me is that habits develop from repeatedly doing something and can reflect on a person of good or bad moral character. For example, if a child was taught to say yes sir while growing up by the time he or she becomes an adult they have developed a habit of responding as yes sir without thinking twice because of saying it repetitively as they grew up, which can appear to be a reflection of a person with good moral character, although that is not always the case in my opinion. In contrast, a person of bad moral character also could have been taught as a child to respond as yes sir as they grew into an adult developing a habit, but overall his or her moral character is bad. In addition everyone agreed that habits, whether morally good or bad is formed from repetitiveness, which does not always result in the person being of bad or good moral character. On the other hand, quite a few classmates disagree on the viewpoint concerning habit and moral character being linked; as some of them argue that the two have no connection what so ever. In contrast, my perspective is that habit and moral character is connected to a certain extent based on the circumstances. For example, habits whether good or bad, are apart of every individuals moral character; I have a bad habit of purchasing shoes, although I do not need them, but I have a urge to purchase a pair or two if I go into shoe store. This is something I have been doing for as long as I can remember, but I must say it has gotten better because I intentionally stay out of the shoe store. Nevertheless, it is apart of who I am, that is, an individual with a shoe fetish, which I actually do not believe to be a bad habit, as most would say the opposite. But, â€Å"Does that make my moral character bad? † Not hardly; therefore I would say my viewpoint and those in opposition to it follows the modern form of ethical thinking because from a modern perspective the act of purchasing one, two, or how ever many pair of shoes repeatedly is not wrong it is something that I have a passion for, and does not result to anyone getting hurt.

The relationship between individuals mirrors the relationship between nations

In the light of this statement, M. Butterfly, a film about a French diplomat, Rene Gallimard, being seduced by the Chinese opera actor, Song Liling, who masqueraded as an Oriental ideal woman, evolves into a tale exposing the East-West misconceptions by using the intricacies of male-female relations. Relationship between eastern nations and western nations, and that among western nations, is mirrored by the two relationships between individuals respectively: the relationship between Rene Gallimard and Song Liling, and the relationship between Rene Gallimard and Lady Baden. Relationship between Eastern nations and Western nations is mirrored by the relationship between Rene Gallimard and Song Liling. Many after watching the film have asked, â€Å"how is it possible for Gallimard to be in love with a man for twenty years, and believe all the time that he is a woman? The answer to this question is Gallimard's misunderstanding of the East. The Western misconceptions of the East and the Western fantasies of protective masculinity towards the East can be seen from the relationship of Gallimard and Song. The misunderstanding of the West towards the East is foregrounded when Gallimard met Song after Song's performance of Madame Butterfly. Seeing Song on stage as Cio Cio San in Madame Butterfly, an Oriental woman who kills herself for the white man Pinkerton, Gallimard assumed that Song would be an equivalent of the submissive Oriental perfect woman. Gallimard's ignorance of the culture of the East is clearly seen as it is Chinese tradition that, in Peking opera, the female characters are played by men, which is also later pointed out by Song in the film. After the performance, Gallimard had a conversation with Song, in which the indifference of the West to distinguish the national and cultural tradition of the Eastern nations is shown. During the conversation, Gallimard said that Song was convincing to be Cio Cio San in Madame Butterfly. Song's reply signified that Gallimard has conflated China and Japan, † Convincing? Me as a Japanese woman? Read also Intro to Public Relations Notes Do you know the Japanese used thousands of our people for medical experiments during the war? But I gather such an irony is lost on you. † The Western fantasies of the Orients with submissive, obedient femininity is also reflected when Gallimard commented on the death of Cio Cio San in Puccini's play, â€Å"†¦ her death†¦ it's pure sacrifice. He's not worth it, but what could she do†¦ She loves him so much. It's very beautiful. † The West sees the East as stereotype, as western men desire the submission of the delicate, obedient Oriental women, which western women can never satisfy. When the relationship of Gallimard and Song further developed, Gallimard was blinded by his ignorance and misunderstanding towards the East. During the night when Gallimard visited Song after he has got promoted to vice-consul, Song said to Gallimard, † please let me keep my clothes on†¦ modesty is so important to the Chinese. † Gallimard believed it and respected Song's â€Å"modesty†, and he did towards the end of the relationship, which was also pointed out by Song, who has unmasked himself as a man in the court, â€Å"he was very responsive to my ancient Oriental ways of love, all of which are invented by myself, just for him. This reflected that the West believes that the East is exactly like the image in their own fantasies. The conflation of the China and Japan of the West is also disclosed at the end of the film, where Gallimard painted his face with pure white. In the Japanese theater, white is a symbol of ideal white complexion of the noble, while in the Chinese opera, white symbolizes treachery. This further highlighted the stereotyping of the East by the West, to conclude all Eastern nations as one single conventional â€Å"Orient†. The Western fantasy of protective masculinity is also mirrored by the relationship between Gallimard and Song. In the relationship of Gallimard and Song, Gallimard enjoyed discovering that he could treat Song with cavalier neglect, and this further strengthened his sense of masculinity, which is parallel with the Western belief of controlling the East, as they believe that the East, deep down, desire submission to the masculine West. Song has written in her letter to Gallimard that she has already given Gallimard her shame, and Gallimard used it against Song to force her to tell him that she is his butterfly. This is exactly an act of protective masculinity of male and at the same time that of the West. The West think that the East is inferior and need to be taught by the West, this is shown by the conversation of Song and Gallimard when they were at the Great Wall. Song asked Gallimard, â€Å"why did you pick a poor Chinese with a chest like a boy? † and Gallimard's answer showed his view of Song as an innocent Orient, â€Å"not a boy-like†¦ girl-like†¦ a young innocent school-girl†¦ waiting for her first lessons. † The Western superficial idea of slave and master is also shown between Gallimard and Song's dialogue after he had sexual intercourse with Lady Baden. Gallimard made use of the idea of slave and master, which he thought himself as master and Song as the slave, to force Song to remove her clothes for his will. The relationship among Western nations can also be mirrored by the relationship between Gallimard and Lady Baden. When Gallimard's relationship with Song is going on smoothly and his career has got a boost, Gallimard also had a rather short-term relationship with Lady Baden. This somehow showed that Gallimard has the ambition to conquer Lady Baden, who was described by the men in the party as â€Å"†¦ uilt like the Forbidden City. Everyone can look but no one gets inside. † This is a reflection of the ambition of the Western nations to conquer each other. Lady Baden, as a western woman, is portrayed as strong as the men, she was already naked when Gallimard hid himself in the bathroom, and this is again the idea of masculinity of the West. To conclude, the relationship between Gallimard and Song mirrors the misconceptions between the West and the East, while the relationship between Gallimard and Lady Baden shows the ambition among the Western nations.

Analysis of Corporate Governance by Monks, Robert & Minow, Nell Article

Analysis of Corporate Governance by Monks, Robert & Minow, Nell - Article Example As a result, the managers strengthened the company’s governance by ensuring that their imperative efforts focused on their judicial systems reforms, property rights, and informational freedom as well as evaluating other institutions that were vital for realizing democratic market economies. In addition, Banca Comerciala Romana of Romania experienced successful cases of good corporate governance in 2004. Due to itemized corporate governance, the institution was able to access cheaper debt that made it possible for the bank and its affiliate rating agencies to access lower borrowing costs. Fitch Ratings upgraded both individual ratings and long-term counterparty ratings from C/D and BB- to D and B+ respectively. The company cited the upgrading of the ratings came because of the improvement of corporate governance. They were able to manage the bank’s risks that led to changes that brought the bank back to European Union standards hence acting as a role model for the other financial institutions in the region. Furthermore, good corporate governance brings success in companies since it helps facilitate profit-making operations. With good corporate governance, investors will not just assume whether the company will perform better, but knows it will perform best due to better corporate governance (Monks & Minow, 63).  Ã‚   According to the study, the companies transformed due to affirmed systems of good corporate governance. The refining and developing of standards of corporate governance often followed cases of failures within the subjugated company. For instance, in the late 1990s, there were bursts of high technology bubbles associated with telecommunication companies. As a result, there was the development of interests by both brokers and analysts that led to conflicts, underpinning the ability to introduce the principle that would bring advice and analysis into the new system of corporate governance. Enron is one of the companies that felt the heat of failed corporate governance as it pointed the source of its failures to the auditing committee. The auditor and audit committee was an independent body thus mistakes involved during corporate governance application led to deficiencies due to failed accounting standards. Enron’s system of corporate governance failed due to lack of advice and an alysis principles. Another failed case of corporate governance is that of Parmalat. The Parmalat is a group of companies in Italy that deals with dairy food business worldwide. In December 2003, the company’s management team announced the collapse of the company due to lack of funds and entered into the bankruptcy protection program.  Ã‚  

Broker Fish Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Broker Fish Industry - Research Paper Example The company started its operations 10 years back as a financial consulting firm and in 2002, stepped into covering medical insurance. This insurance company not only helps individuals but also different organization by providing them with best health insurance schemes. They provide high value health insurance options to their customers because they believe in easy affordability, excellent service, delivering customer value in a friendly environment and building good and profitable relationships with customers by finding their needs regarding health insurance. Health is the most significant thing in everyone’s life but most people do not give it much importance by indulging themselves in other useless things. All these factors appeal the customers and therefore, they consider it important to be medically insured. The vision of this company is to provide excellent service with easy affordability and with innovation, build honest relations with customers and provide fun environme nt to their employees which will help in achieving company’s goals easily. It happens very often that people want to change their health insurance agents or company because of a number of reasons like poor service when they need them most for instance hospital claim or in any other emergency or poor communications, lack of knowledge, as agents are not aware of the health insurance they have provided themselves. Sometimes even their record keeping is very poor. They do not keep proper records of their last claims or do not inform customers about the renewals at the right time. These are the issues that customers face with health insurance agents and companies. The policy changes to be considered are as follows: Carry out market research on regular basis in order to find the needs of customers; Training to be provided to all insurance agents on a regular basis so as to fulfill the needs of customers and to provide value to them; Maintenance of profitable relationship with custo mers and keeping them updated with any changes affecting them or their policies; Change is constant in the insurance industry, its policies and premiums also keep changing. To make sure that customers are aware of these changes so they can choose wisely; Provide high quality advice to customers so that they select the best policy option. Continue to offer new policy plans to provide customers with new and innovative plans and give them the options to change their policies by choosing the one most suitable and best for their family. These policy changes will affect the entire company as well as the five management functions in a number of ways. STAFFING: This is the most important management function; organization should recruit right people with the right skills and knowledge for the particular task that will help in attaining organization’s goal. The most significant thing that organizations should keep in mind is the people they hire because they make or break companyâ€⠄¢s reputation. In order to be competitive in the market organization should respond to the change efficiently and right people with right skills can guarantee success. Broker Fish Health Insurance will hire the right people as their insurance agents who should be trained properly so as to inform customers and other organizations about the health insurance policies of the company. The agents should also know how to persuade them by telling them how these policies fulfill their needs and is the best as compared to the ones provided by rival companies. Broker fish insurance agents will have proper knowledge about the policies and changes that are expected in the future. Company will make sure that their agents are fully informed and updated on the policies and will give them proper guidelines on the information. Managers will keep track of their agents, if they are communicating the right information to customers and informing them about the new, upcoming plans. PLANNING: This

Properties of Gases Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Properties of Gases - Lab Report Example When the water in the pipette bulb had been completely displaced by hydrogen, the pipette was removed in an inverted position, and a thumb was placed over its opening to keep any gaseous content from escaping. A match was lit, and a small portion of the pipette content was squeezed into the flame from a distance of about 1 cm. Observations were made, and the results were recorded. The wide-neck pipette bulb was marked with a marker pen on the outside into three equal parts. The marked pipette bulb was filled with water, inverted and was set onto the gas generation tube. When about two thirds of the bulb was occupied with the produced gas, the bulb was removed while in an inverted position. The pipette bulb was set with its mouth facing down into one of the wells of the 24-well plate for later use. The test tube was disassembled and was rinsed well with water. Preparation and test for oxygen gas Few pieces of Manganese metal were placed into a second test tube. Enough of 3% Hydrogen p eroxide was added to fill the test tube almost to the top. A rubber stopper with plastic gas delivery tube through its center was inserted into the test tube, and the test tube was placed into a well of the 24-well plate. The test tube was wedged into a straight position by use of a paper tissue. The reaction was observed, and the observation was recorded. A comparison was made between the reaction in the first part of the experiment and the reaction in the second part of the experiment. Another wide-neck pipette bulb was completely filled with water. The pipette was inverted and was placed on the delivery tube of the test tube. When the water had been completely displaced by the produced gas in the collection pipette,... The paper describes the procedure of preparation and test for such gases: Hydrogen, Oxygen, carbon Dioxide, Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Properties of gases were used to identify various gases. Hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, and oxygen gas were prepared, and their properties were investigated in this experiment. The reaction of zinc metal and dilute hydrochloric acid produced hydrogen gas which was collected by the upward delivery method, over the surface of water. Hydrogen gas produced a ‘pop’ sound when it was burned in air. Hydrogen peroxide liquid decomposed into oxygen gas and water in the presence of manganese dioxide. Oxygen gas was collected by the downward displacement of water method, over the surface of water. Gas generator test tubes were filled with chemicals almost to the top to ensure that the generated gases were not mixed with air. The ability to relight a glowing splint was the major chemical property of oxygen that was used in its identification . The mixture of hydrogen and oxygen was found to burn explosively with the formation of water vapor. The reaction between sodium bicarbonate and white vinegar produced carbon dioxide gas and water. The gas was collected by down ward delivery method because it was heavier than air. Carbon dioxide gas formed a white suspension with limewater due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate. Carbon dioxide gas also extinguished a burning wooden toothpick which was evident that it does not support combustion. Carbon dioxide gas also turned the green Bromothymol blue into a yellow color.

Law School Open Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law School Open Memo - Case Study Example robbery committed pursuant to the statute is twenty years, or 240 months. Id. Testimony by Dr. Caffrey reveals that she had knowledge that there was a possibility of forseeing the the robbery committed by Norwich. Additionally, the bank teller has stated that she knew that the "gun" toted by Norwich was actually a toy gun. This memorandum is respectfully submitted to address, the issue of psychologist privilege, and the issue whether Norwich's use of a toy gun (as recognized by the victim, here the bank teller) can be asserted so as to fail prosecution pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2113 (a). I. Background of The New York State and Federal Rule Pertaining to Privledge. Federal law recognizes a privilege protecting confidential communications between a psychotherapist and his or her patient. Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 10 (1996). Although common-law rulings may once have been primary source of new developments in federal privilege law, that is no longer case. Fed.Rules Evid.Rule 501, 28 U.S.C.A. However before determining whether an exception is carved out, the Court will look to the rules of evidence of a particular state, here, New York. Fed.Rules Evid.Rule 501; 28 U.S.C.A. The common law knew no privilege for confidential information imparted to a physician. 8 Wigmore, Evidence 2380-2391 (McNaughton rev. 1961). When a physician raised the question before Lord Mansfield whether he was required to disclose professional confidences, the line was clearly drawn: "If a surgeon was voluntarily to reveal these secrets, to be sure, he would be guilty of a breach of honor and of great indiscretion; but to give that information in a court of justice, which by the law of the land he is bound to do, will never be... 2. Yes, the type of gun and victims knowledge (here the bank teller) that the gun was a water gun is irrelevant because courts have already ruled that toy guns are an intimidating weapon for 18 U.S.C. 2113 (a) purposes. This firm represents Clyde Norwich, a man this firm believes will be charged shortly with bank robbery. Clyde suffers from paranoid schizophrenia and robbed a bank in August of this year. At the time of the robbery, he was under the care of a psychologist who possesses a Phd. in abnormal clinical psychology. The psychologist, Dr. Caffrey, believes that Mr. Norwich ceased taking his medication that regulated his behavior and further admits that Norwich shared his plan to rob the bank with her. Indeed, Mr. Norwich robbed the bank that he had specifically identified during treatment. Norwich is expected to be charged pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2113 (a). original form was as follows: "No person authorized to practice physic or surgery shall be allowed to disclose any information which he may have acquired in attending any patient, in a professional character, and which information was necessary to enable him to prescribe for such

Contemporary issues in development finance Essay - 2

Contemporary issues in development finance - Essay Example world, the emerging economies are also suffering from fragile public finances, low Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), huge unemployment and high inequality. Many countries such as Mexico, Greece, Spain and Portugal etc. suffers from high inequality and poverty due to utilization of only one engine of growth. Financial development aims to recover such countries from poor economic condition through ensuring equitable capital allocation, monitoring investments and corporate governance, mobilization of savings pool and managing risk. However, some of the economists are of the opinion that the policies taken by development finance leads to widen the gap of inequality further (Clark, 2006). In this paper, the relationship between inequality and financial development will be critically analysed in the light of theories and empirical evidences. For the purpose of analysis, the case of Mexico will be incorporate in order to examine the level of inequality and poverty exists in that particular e conomy and how the measures of financial development is helping the economy to progress from its current economic situation. Development finance holds huge importance mainly for promoting economic growth through capital accumulation, mobilization of savings for technological inclusion and poverty eradication. The system also aims to encourage the flow of foreign capital. In fact, a meta analysis done on the basis of 67 empirical studies have shown strong correlation between the metrics of development finance and economic growth. Analysing the cases of courtiers with sound tend of economic development, it has been identified that development finance has worked as a driver of economic growth in those countries. The system also strives for better risk management that helps the vulnerable group of the society to obtain opportunities for enhancing their productivity and expands the investment avenue so that the group can generate higher income. Development finance facilitates the growth of

Should China be promoting big business groups Pick several groups to Essay

Should China be promoting big business groups Pick several groups to show why or why not, using contrasts, in the context of th - Essay Example   Smyth et al.,  2004). Within the sector of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) the development of  large scale enterprises has been progressing  (Nolan,  2001; Nolan, 2002). The policy makers in the country and the organizational leaders have made immense endeavour to nurture large  enterprise  groups. These leaders have aspired to upgrade these groups and transform  them  into  internationally  competitive  transnational  corporations (Sutherland, 2007). Such unorthodox development bore fruit and led to the outstanding growth for the country (Nolan, 2001). The China miracle: an overview China has exhibited significant growth for the last three decades, which has attracted attention of the developed countries. The tempo at which the country has transformed itself from being a peasant society to an industrial powerhouse, guarantees that the country has the potential to achieve a growth rate of several times greater than the current rate. If things continue in th is pattern, China might surpass the present advanced countries of the western world (Krugman, 1994). Economic development had been initiated in China around 30 years before and the outcome is miraculous. The GDP growth rate in China on average has reached 9.8 percent in 2010 (Lin, 2010). It has surpassed the rate foreseen by analysts in 1980s and 1980s. These reforms had been initiated by Deng Xiaoping with the goal of increasing the GDP of the Chinese economy by four times within a span of twenty years. The vision with which Xiaoping had launched this reform was to achieve a 7.2 percent annual growth rate for the economy. Since 1979, China’s economic performance has improved at a massive rate. In 1979 the country’s â€Å"trade as a percentage of GDP was only 9.5 percent† (Lin, 2010), while by 2010, China has reserved for itself the position of the highest exporting country in the world and the third largest country in terms of imports. At present the countryâ⠂¬â„¢s trade contributes approximately 70 percent of the country’s GDP. In this span of 30 years, 600 million Chinese residents have been brought out of poverty through this dazzling economic growth (Lin, 2010). The development path followed by China after the reforms of 1979 has been devised by the policy makers keeping in mind the real scenario of the country. It has therefore been possible to implement these policies successfully. While some contemporary economies had tried to bring radical changes or treat the economy with shock therapy, the effects of these changes have not been holistically beneficial for these economies. China has therefore been able to take exceptionally huge strides of performance and has moved ahead of most other developing nations of the world. This rapid growth experienced by the Chinese economy for thirty years at a stretch and the consequent sustainable improvement in the standard of living of its population of 1.3 billion has been termed by res earchers and observers as â€Å"the China Miracle† (Liming, n.d.). By avoiding radical reforms and by following a step by step process of transformation the economy has been able to bypass the negative impacts of change and avoid striking social unrest within the country. The process of China’s transition China has primarily been an agrarian society. With industrial revolution the economy faced a speedy movement away from the traditional agricultural society in which almost 85

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Change - Essay Example With the countless number of organizations worldwide, companies continue to invest on research and development for their organizations to change their perspective and obtain their goals. It is true that the only eminent thing in this world is change. People adapt, submit or contradict with change. There are many implications that we encounter when change occurs; management must view matters seriously and make critical decisions for the organization’s sustainability. The objectives of this paper is to thoroughly look into Theory E and Theory O in terms of managing change, to provide a bird’s eye view of the differences and other key notable details that help organizations transition smoothly (Johnson, pp. 39-44, 2002). It will also discuss how Theory E and Theory O can aid top management at making critical decisions and providing a detailed analysis of these two approaches to change. The scope of this paper will be focus on the experience of organizations that fostered these two approaches, how have companies and organizations come to employ either or both theories but not only limited to these. The flow of the paper will start with a brief description of each theory including its characteristics and the key differences of both theories in the field of management. Based on a new research, Theory E and O were relatively new findings as researchers (Cummings, pp. 23-25, 2008) have observed various companies practicing either Theory E or O or both of them. There are many approaches used in managing change; however, ‘Michael Beer’ and ‘Nitin Nohria’ are two researchers who have successfully identified two types of change theories that may have geared management in change initiative (Hoelbeche, pp. 151-154, 2006). As recent studies showed, researchers have identified two types of approaches commonly used by management in initiating change. The first approach is Theory E, referred to as

The Manager of a shop in Kirkham Mr. Peterson Essay Example for Free

The Manager of a shop in Kirkham Mr. Peterson Essay The Manager of a shop in Kirkham Mr. Peterson (Eclipse) has asked me to produce a presentation for the release of the new console Xbox to run in the shop windows that will display all the new features and games coming for it. Before this idea he used to just put a few posters up displaying the information. To produce this poster the manger used to just design the posters by hand and photocopy them. This is one manual way of designing the poster the new way will look better\professional and will be a lot easier to produce. There are a number of possible methods of solving this problem. I could use an animation but school does not have one of these. I have used a language called visual basic before. This lets me move text and pictures but this is very time consuming and I dont know how to do this. The only quick and simple solution would be to use a presentation package like Microsoft PowerPoint or Lotus Freelance. The manager of Eclipse wants the following to appear in the presentation:   The slide show should attract more attention by different animation effects   Information on the release dates and costs of the products. Reviews of at least 5 games and some hardware reviews. There should be a clear, introductory slide including a picture and information about the Xbox console.   The slide show should be stay the same color through all the slide show to make it look more professional   All text should be easy to read from a distance   The slides should move on every 8 seconds automatically   The slide show should run independent of the user All of these can be done very easily in Microsoft PowerPoint and use from a program such as paint\Paint Shop Pro to customize the pictures. All so I may use internet explorer (web browser) to gather more information and pictures. I will also be using camera\scanner to get picture of the console\games. Analyze I have decided to use Microsoft PowerPoint to solve the problem that he manager of eclipse has set me. This will allow me to solve all of the problems set in the identify section. Other software and hardware that I will include: Software Reason Paint Shop Pro To alter some of the images downloaded from the net, taken from clipart, to alter photographs and create my own camera software To transfer the images from the camera onto disk Internet Explorer The internet browser that I will use @ school/home to get information on the show and collect various images Scanner Software To scan images Magazines To get more information about the games/hardware A sound editor The school doesnt have one at the moment but I will need one to cut down the sounds Hardware Reason Fuji Finepix 2600 To take pictures of the console and pads Canon CanoScan To scan images from magazines HP DeskJet 1220PS To print the images so that the manager of eclipse can check the layout Input I will be collecting information from a number of sources. These include: Getting all the information that the manager know about the Xbox. Going on the internet to find out what other people know about the Xbox. Pictures of the Xbox from the internet, camera and scanner. Sounds already on PowerPoint to give flying in effect and sounds from the internet. Processing I will probably need to change the font size and type of the writing so that it becomes easy to read. Similarly I will need to make sure that the font colour is adjusted so that it stands out against the background. I then decided to keep the same background and font for all of the slides to make it look more professional. So I will make the background and font as interesting and eye-catching. The digital pictures will need processing. Either by using paint shop pro to adjust the colours or the cropping tool in PowerPoint. I will change the look of the image. In PowerPoint I may need to rotate the images. In PowerPoint I will animate the text and the images. I will make a random transition between one slide and the next. The animation effects and the slide transitions will move on after a few seconds. I may need to take the sound clips into a music editor to remove parts of the sounds I dont need. Output. The main output will be a minimum of 7 slides. In order to check if the presentation is OK for the manager of eclipse I will print out the presentation with 6 slides on a piece of paper. Backup/Security Since the majority of the work will be done at school where the work will be saved on the school network. This means that the work will be backed up every night. During a lesson I will save my work regularly-just in case the power fails or if theres a problem with the computer. Once the presentation has been installed, the computer that runs the program is locked away so that no one can alter the programme.

Change Management: ExxonMobil Case Study

Change Management: ExxonMobil Case Study Change is only permanent feature of our life. Life of individuals and organizations are evolving ever since their creation. Modern companies are in a state of cultural change. From working more or less alone to solving specific tasks, we are now required to work in an interdependent way. Teamwork is vital. These changes require that we change what we expect from the co workers. We have to change the values we highly believe. Values like awareness, teamwork, tolerance, responsibility and information are paramount just as flexibility and change readiness. Team work make in imperative that we develop project team instead of specific tasks. Therefore, our daily lives are becoming project oriented. [Baekdal, Thomas, Change Management Handbook] Overview What is Change Management? Change management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. [Wardale, Dorothy. 4 components of the module; 2009] The current definition of Change Management includes both organizational change management processes and individual change management models, which together are used to manage the people side of change. Change Management is be essentially linked to oganisational Change which is Organisational change is the process by which organizations move from their present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. [Organization Theory, Design, and Change by Gareth R. Jones] Organisational change may be formally defined as an Organisation-wide effort to enhance the effectiveness of an Organisation by strengthening, modifying, or replacing the culture, structure, technology, task, and human processes through the application of planned interventions with or without the assistance of external agents. [People Change Management in Power Distribution] All changes interface with three Organisational components which constitute the Organisational culture. Those three components are: The historical and political evolution of the company. The management and organization of the company. The people who work for the company The historical and political evolution of a company will have a significant bearing on its acceptance of change. The important factors are Base or origin of company, values of company, image it like to promote, traditions and norms practiced by individuals and company policies. Changes will impact the roles of management. These changes consist of structure and operation of organization, style of leadership, role of senior management, and effect of change on workforce, their acceptance and willingness to take remedial measures. Most of the issues in change management are people oriented. Every decision on change impacts the people. All cautions should be exercised in the people oriented changes. Typically with any change people expect a reward pay hike, promotion or other type of recognition. Think carefully the impact of change in every job it affects. [Change Knowledge Management] Importance of Change Management: Change Management is proactive support focused on preventing incidents and problems by effective planning. Some of the benefits are: Consistent planning for change Consistent planning in case of failure of change Communication with appropriate parties before change occurs Approval received from appropriate parties before change occurs Reduction in incidents and problems caused by unplanned change Time spent on preparation and prevention rather than fire fighting and downtime. Model of Planned Organizational Change When organizations are caught flat footed, failing to anticipate or respond to new needs, management is at fault. Change can be managed by observing external trends, patterns and needs, managers use planned change to help the organization to adapt to external problems and opportunities Four events make up the change sequence: Internal and external forces for change exist Organization managers monitor these forces and become aware of a need for change; and The perceived need triggers the initiation for change, which Is then implemented. How each of these activities is handled depends upon the organization and managers styles. Forces For Change Forces for organizational change exist both in the external environment and internally within the organization. Environmental Forces External forces take its root in all environmental sectors, including client, competitors, technology, economic forces, and the international arena. Internal Forces Internal forces for change arise from internal activities and decisions. If goal of rapid company growth is set by top managers, internal actions will have to be changed to meet that growth. Steps For Effective Organizational Change The four steps for organizational change process are as follows: Assess the need for change Initiate change Implement change Evaluate the change Assessing the need for the change The external and internal forces translate into a perceived need for change within the organization. Managers sense a need for change when there is a performance gap-a disparity between existing and desired performance levels. The performance gap may occur because current procedures are not up to standard or because a new idea or technology could improve current performance. Managers in every company must be alert to problems and opportunities, because the perceived need for change is what sets the stage for subsequent action that creates a new product or technology. Big problems are easy to spot. Sensitive monitoring systems are needed to detect gradual changes that can fool managers into thinking their company is doing changes slowly, because managers may fail to trigger an organizational response. Initiating change After assessing the need of change the next crucial step is to initiate change which is true part of change management. This is where the ideas are developed. Search Search is a learning process about current happenings inside or outside the organization that can be used to meet the perceived need for change. Search typically unfolds existing knowledge that can be applied or adopted within the organization. Hiring of experts, consultant is a very important aspect of such search. Creativity Creativity is the development of novel solutions to the perceived problems. Creative individuals develop idea that can be adopted by the organization. Creativity can be designed into organizations. Companies or departments within companies can be organized to be creative and initiate changes. Idea Champions And New-Venture Teams If creative conditions are successful, new ideas will be generated that must be carried forward for acceptance and implementation. This is where idea champions come in. The formal definition of the idea champion is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization. Champions are passionately committed to a new product or idea despite rejection by others Implementing Change Effective Implementation of perceived change is the most vital part of Change Management. Creative culture, idea champions and new-venture teams are ways to facilitate the initiation of new ideas. One frustration for managers is that employees often seem to resist change for no apparent reason. To effectively manage the implementation process, managers should be aware of the reason for employee resistance and be prepared to use. Techniques for obtaining employee cooperation are: Resistance To Change Idea champion often discover that other employees are unenthusiastic about their new idea. Members of a new-venture group may be surprised when managers in the regular organization do not support or approve their innovations. Several reasons for employee resistance are: Self-Interest. Lack Of Understanding And Trust. Uncertainty. Different Assessment And Goals. The reasons for resistance are legitimate in the eyes of employees affected by the changes. The best procedure for managers is not to ignore resistance but to diagnose the reasons and design strategies to gain acceptance by users. The strategies for overcoming resistance to change typically involve two approaches: the analysis of resistance through the force field technique and the use of selective implementation tactics to overcome resistance. Force Field Theory of Change Developed by Kurt Lewin: Its the process of determining which forces drive and which resist a proposed change. To implement a change, management should analyze the change forces. By selectively removing forces that restrain change, the driving forces will be strong enough to enable implementation. As restraining forces are reduced or removed, behavior will shift to incorporate the desired changes. The theory underlying organizational development proposes three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. In the first step, unfreezing, the diagnostic stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to increase their willingness to change their behavior. Diagnosis is done by change agent. This diagnosis helps determine the extent of organizational problems and help unfreeze managers. The second step, changing, a step in the intervention stage of organizational development in which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior. There the change agent implements a specific plan for training managers and employees. Refreezing, a step in the reinforcement stage of organizational development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization. [5] Selective Implementation Tactics The other approach to managing implementation is to adopt specific tactics to overcome employee resistance. The following five tactics have proven successful: Communication and Education. Communication and education are used when solid information about the change is needed by users and others who may resist implementation. Education is especially important when the change involves new technical knowledge or users are unfamiliar with the idea. Participation. Participation involves users and potential resisters in designing the change. This approach is time consuming, but it pays off because users understand and become committed to the change. Negotiation. Negotiation is more formal means of achieving cooperation. Negotiation uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change. Coercion. Coercion means that managers use formal power to force employees to change. Resisters are told to accept the change or lose rewards or even their jobs. Coercion is necessary in crisis situation when a rapid response is urgent. Top Management Support. The visible support of top management also helps overcome resistance to change. Top management support symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization. Evaluating The Change The last step in the change process is to evaluate how successful the change effort has been in improving organizational performance. Using measures such as changes in market share, profits, or the ability of manages to meet their goals, managers compare how well an organization is performing after the change with how well it was performing before. Managers also can use benchmarking, comparing their performance on specific dimensions with the performance of high-performing organizations to decide how successful the change effort has been. Types Of Planned Change Now that we have explored how the initiation and implementation of change can be carried out, let us look at the different types of change that take place in organizations. The types of organization changes are strategy, technology, products, structure, and culture/ people. Organizations may innovate in one or more areas, depending on internal and external forces or change. In the rapidly changing toy industry, a manufacturer has to introduce new products frequently. In a mature, competitive industry, production technology changes are adopted to improve efficiency. In the diagram, the arrows connecting the types of change show that a change in one part may affect other parts of the organization: a new product may require changes in technology, and a new technology may require new people skills or a new structure. Technology Changes A technology change is related to the organizations production process-how the organization does its work. Technology changes are designed to make the production of a product or service more efficient. How can managers encourage technology change? The general rule is that technology change is bottom up. The bottom-up approach means that ideas initiated at lower organization levels and channeled upward for approval. Lower level technical experts act as idea champions-they invent and champion technological changes. Employees at lower levels understand the technology and have the expertise needed to propose changes. Managers can facilitate the bottom-up approach by designing creative departments. A loose, flexible, decentralized structure provides employees with the freedom and opportunity to initiate continuous improvements. A rigid, centralized, standardized structure stifles technology innovation. Anything managers do to involve the grass roots of the organization-the people who are experts in their parts of the production process-will increase technology change. New-Product Changes A product change is a change in the organizations product or service output. New-product innovations have major implications for an organization, because they often are an outcome of a new strategy and may define a new market. The introduction of a new product is difficult, because it not only involves a new technology but also must meet customers needs. Companies that develop new products usually have the following characteristics: People in marketing have a good understanding of customer needs Technical specialists are aware of recent technological developments and make effective use of new technology Members from key departments-research, manufacturing, marketing-cooperate in the development of new product. These findings mean that the ideas for new products typically originate at the lower levels of the organization just as they do for technology changes. One approach to new product innovation is called the horizontal linkage model. In this model people from research, manufacturing and marketing departments meet frequently in teams and task forces to share ideas and solve problems. Research people inform marketing of new technical developments to learn whether they will be good to customers. Marketing people pass customer complaints to research to use in the design of new products. Manufacturing informs other departments whether a product idea can be manufactured within costs limits. This teamwork required for the horizontal linkage model is a major component of using rapid innovation to beat the competition with speed. Structural Changes A structural change is a change in the way in which the organization is designed and managed. Structural changes involve the hierarchy of authority, goals, structural characteristics, administrative procedures, and management systems. Almost any change in how the organization is managed falls under the category of structural change. Successful structural change is accomplished through a top-down approach, which is distinct from technology change (bottom up) and new products (horizontal). Structural change is top down because the expertise for administrative improvements originates at the middle and upper levels of the organization. The champions for structural change are middle and top managers. Lower-level technical specialists have little interest or expertise in administrative procedures. If organization structure causes negative consequences for lower-level employees, complaints and dissatisfaction alert managers to a problem. Employee dissatisfaction is an internal force for change. The need for change is perceived by higher managers, who then take the initiative to propose and implement it. The top-down process does not mean that coercion is the best implementation tactic. Implementation tactics include education, participation, and negotiation with employees. Top-down change means that initiation of the idea occurs at upper levels and is implemented downward. It does not mean that lower-level employees are not educated about the change or allowed to participate in it. Culture/People Changes A culture/people change refers to a change in employees values, norms, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. Changes in culture and people pertain to how employees think; these are changes are in mindset rather than technology, structure, or products. People change pertains to just a few employees, such as when a handful of middle managers is sent to a training course to improve their leadership skills. Training is the most frequently used tool for changing the organizations mindset. A company may offer training programs to large blocks of employees on subjects such as teamwork, listening skills, quality circles, and participative management. Another major approach to changing people and culture is organizational development. Organizational Development Organizational development (OD) is the application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organizations health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase problem-solving capabilities. Organizational development improves working relationships among employees. The following are three types of current problems that OD can help managers address. Mergers/Acquisitions. Culture differences should be evaluated during the acquisition process, and OD experts can be used to smooth the integration of two firms. Organizational Decline/Revitalization. OD techniques can contribute greatly to cultural revitalization by managing conflicts, fostering commitment, and facilitating communication. Conflict Management. Conflict can occur at any time and place within a healthy organization. Organizational development efforts can help solve these kinds of conflicts. OD Activities A number of OD activities have emerged in recent years. Some of the most popular and effective are as follows. Team-Building Activities. Team building enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams. Survey-Feedback Activities. Survey feedback begins with a questionnaire distributed to employees. Employees are engaged in problem solving based on the data received from questionnaire. Intergroup Activities. These activities include retreats and workshops to improve the effectiveness of groups or departments that must work together. Process-Consultation Activities. Organizational development consultants help managers understand the human processes within their organization and how to manage them. Symbolic Leadership Activities. This approach helps managers to use the techniques for cultural change, including public statements, ceremonies, and slogans. References Baekdal, Thomas, (2006). Change Management Handbook. Technology and immediacy of information (on-line) available http://www.wikipedia.com Becta (2003) Available http://www.becta.org.uk/tsas. Daft, Richard L, (1997). Management. Florida: Dryden Press. Change Management Report by Zulfiqar,Shamsullah,Shahzad,Rizwan; 2009 Case Study: EXXON MOBIL Company Profile: Company History: Exxon Mobil Corporation is the second largest integrated oil company in the world, trailing only BP p.l.c. The company is involved in wide range of oil and gas related activities such as exploration, production, transportation, and marketing in more than 200 countries. Exxon Mobil is a major manufacturer of basic petrochemicals, such as olefins, aromatics, and polyethylene and polypropylene plastics. The company is operating 4000 service stations under the brand names Exxon, Mobil, and Esso. Mobil Corporation and Exxon Corporation are merged in 1999 to form Exxon Mobil. [Exxon Mobil Corporation Business Information, Profile, and History http://companies.jrank.org/pages/1494/Exxon-Mobil-Corporation.html#ixzz0cW28yLUs] The Merger of Exxon and Mobil 21st Century In December 1998 Exxon agreed to buy Mobil for about $75 billion in what promised to be one of the largest takeovers ever. Merger was necessitated by reducing Oil prices and prevailing Asian economic crisis. By Merger both companies foresaw annual Profit benefit of $ 2.1 Billion. Based on 1998 results, the proposed Exxon Mobil Corporation would have combined revenues of $168.8 billion, making it the largest oil company in the world, and $8.1 billion in profits. As discussed earlier Merger/Acquisition are an important part of organizational development (OD). Exxon Mobil has utilized this tool effectively to maximize their profits and reduce operation cost and overheads. Exxon Mobil in the 21st Century The integrations of Mobil into Exxon resulted in delivery of cost saving and two contrasting corporate cultures. Exxons strength was always reflected in finance and engineering while on contrast Mobils strengths lie in marketing and deal-making. By union of both giants Exxon Mobil resulted in cost saving of $4.6 billion. These saving were used to fund the companys growth by internal means, and expanded their Oil Gas output. Between 1999 and 2004 after successful merge, Exxon Mobil earned $75 billion in net profits and generated $123 billion in cash. As Exxon Mobil prepared for the future, perhaps the most significant event on the horizon was a change in leadership, environment policy and meeting geo political situation challenges in region such as Middle East, North Africa, and Caspian Sea. However, most of significant is meeting challenges posses by decade old environmental policy of non acceptance of Green House gases (GHG) effect on climate. This Organizational Change is discussed in depth in next part of report. EXXONMOBIL AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT ON ISSUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Old Guards and Organization Resistance toward Climate Change: ExxonMobil released its 2005 Corporate Citizenship Report (May 2006) and its report on Tomorrows Energy (February 2006). Both make clear that Exxons fundamental business approach and thinking on climate change had not changed. The company firmly believes that oil is the future and that concerns about climate change do not merit meaningful investments in clean energy and alternative fuels. In these two reports, ExxonMobil acknowledges that human activities have contributed to the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and that this accumulation poses risks that may prove significant for society and ecosystems. The company declares that these risks justify actions now, but the selection of actions must consider the uncertainties that remain. Exxon then goes on to describe: the complexities of climate science; the limits of climate knowledge; the limits of current climate models; the uncertainty of projections ExxonMobil declares that even with many scientific uncertainties, action is still justified. However, by emphasizing the remaining points of uncertainty rather than the scientific consensus that has emerged on the human role in climate change, ExxonMobil continued to take a deliberative approach that casts climate change as a long-term problem rather than a priority for near-term action. Despite their rhetoric, ExxonMobil was not taking the actions needed to address the financial and competitive risks posed by climate change due to inherent organizational resistance to change. Leadership shrugs off from taking decisive actions and taking lead toward this grave issue. ExxonMobil operates on the assumption that oil and gas will continue to represent a large percentage of the energy mix, whereas renewable energy sources will remain minimal. In contrast, the private venture capital community has begun investing heavily in clean energy technology, as have ExxonMobils competitors. ExxonMobil continues to lag behind. ExxonMobil lags behind competitors like BP and Royal Dutch Shell on low-carbon leadership ExxonMobils nearly only focus on oil and gas has placed it behind competitors like BP and Royal Dutch Shell, which have committed billions of dollars toward the development of low-carbon technologies that they intend to build as new profit centers for their companies. Climate Change ExxonMobils Change Strategy: A newly published report (Dec. 2008) by ExxonMobil titled Responding to Environmental Ethics: Moving from Petroleum to Renewable Energy for the 21st Century. As title indicated an organizational shift in environment policy is happening at Exxon Mobile. Exxonmobil admitted link between Oil Gas and climate change in following words ExxonMobils focus on petroleum and gas products, especially those that are combusted to extract energy, has played a key role in promoting climate change through an enhanced greenhouse effect. The combustion of petroleum and gas has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to levels that are rapidly warming the planet, leading to severe consequences for the world economy and most of the Earths natural features. Exxonmobil inactiveness in past regarding Global warming is also addressed in said report ExxonMobil has traditionally been skeptical of climate science. It wasnt until recently that the company decided to accept that climate change is largely attributed to human activity and that something must be done about it A perceived Change is envisioned by Exxonmobil. This remarkable change in Exxonmobils outlook toward climate related issues happened due to following few theoretical Factors, Environmental Factors: As discussed earlier in our report, environmental Factors such as clients, competitors and changing technology are basis of any Organizational change. Same is true with Exxonmobils new Climate Strategy. Exxonmobil moved towards change after realizing that competitors such as BP Inc., Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron are taking lead on climate related issues concerning Oil Gas Sector. Public awareness vis-Ã  -vis global warming increased significantly over the few years which also contributed toward Exxonmobils new climate strategy. Internal Factors: Internal Factors such managers, top management and shareholders also play a decisive role in this Change strategy. Shareholders worried that competitors investment in alternative renewable energy may cause lower future growth. Exxonmobil adopted knowledge as the basic search tool assessing change. Exxonmobil stated in their 2008 report said In general, the companys goal is to provide energy around the world to improve quality of lives while minimizing environmental impact and supporting communities. Second, the company assesses any issues identified in the first step through information from various sectors, including non-governmental organizations, academia, financial institutions, and employees. Then it develops a list of material areas that the company will focus on based on its analysis. In 2007, these material areas were Environmental Performance, Workplace, Corporate Governance, Transparency and Human Rights, and Community Development Implementation of Change Strategy: After assessing perceived change, next logical step for Exxonmobil is initiation of Change Implementation at organizational level. Exxonmobil Called this The End of Carbon Era. To save environment damage petroleum combustion must be curtailed significantly in this century by taking action to fight climate change. Exxonmobil has decided to reinvest its business to remain one of the worlds most significant companies and ensure it viability. Exxonmobil is to invest in existing alternative technologies that are emissions-free. This will mean entering fields to provide reliable energy to the world and improved its tarnished image. ExxonMobil has invested in improving its energy efficiency, increasing its co-generation capacity by 12% in 2005 and working to reduce gas flaring in Nigeria and elsewhere. It has also supported research into producing more fuel-efficient internal combustion engines, although the extent of that support is unclear. The company states that technologies like carbon capture and sequestration, hydrogen production and use, solar, and biotechnologies all require fundamental breakthroughs in research to overcome current barriers to cost, performance, safety, and public acceptance before they could enter into widespread use. Conclusion: ExxonMobil claims that the risks from climate change justify action now. Exxonmobil which is world leader in petroleum production has assesses the change based on theoretical effecting factors, initiated perceived change and implemented change for betterment of mankind. Our study concludes that the Exxonmobil has followed theoretical cycle of change and now successfully implementing the Change, thus transforming its global image. Biblography: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Exxon-Mobil-Corporation-Company-History.html Baekdal, Thomas, (2006). Change Management Handbook. Technology and immediacy of information (on-line) available http://www.wikipedia.com Becta (2003) Available http://www.becta.org.uk/tsas. Daft, Richard L, (1997). Management. Florida: Dryden Press. Jones, John Aguirre, DeAnne. (2004). 10 Principles of Change Management: Tools and techniques to help companies transform quickly. Responding to Environmental Ethics: Moving from Petroleum to Renewable Energy for the 21st Century by Carlos Rymer. December 11, 2008. http://companies.jrank.org/pages/1494/Exxon-Mobil-Corporation.html http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Exxon-Mobil-Corporation-Company-History.html Organization Theory, Design, and Change, 5th Edition by Gareth R. Jones.

Tennis Essay -- essays research papers

As we all know, America is a nation of sports enthusiasts. Most Americans participate is some kind of sporting event, either as a spectator or as a competitor. In the pantheon of great American sports, there is one that stands out. It has been called the great American pastime. Yes, that great sport known as tennis. Tennis requires a mastery of many skills to be able to play competitively, but the primary skill needed to win in tennis is the serve. The serve is the primary offensive weapon used I tennis, because it is the only time when a player gets to put a ball into play. The player controls the speed, the placement, and the spin of the ball. With proper procedure, the serve can win many points and games for the server. The technique I will demonstrate is used by most professional ten...

We Learn By Doing :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

We Learn By Doing An old Chinese proverb states: Tell me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand. In three short statements this proverb represents my outlook on education. Over-all my philosophy could be described as eclectic; nonetheless, the main emphasis I plan to make stems from progressivism. I also plan to incorporate behaviorism into my teachings and I will maintain an open mind throughout my teaching career in order to adapt to the needs of my pupils. Furthermore, I will increase my professional status by continuing my education and by becoming involved in established associations. I’ve made my athletic career by imitating the elite that have come before me, and then refining my technique to better meet my needs. I intended to do this in my teaching career as well by modeling John Dewey’s ideas of how people learn. Dewey thought that people were more apt to learn if they were involved in the activity. â€Å"Book learning,† as he referred to it, â€Å"is no substitute for actually doing things.† The origin of my opinion stems from my early and middle childhood. I never wanted to take my parents word that I should not do something, and I always had find out the â€Å"hard way† by experiencing the situation for myself before I learned not to do it. Another root in progressivism that I have is throughout my schooling is that I have noticed that my peers and I excelled better in the classes in which we participated in activities rather than listened to lectures and did book-work assignments. I also believe that i nteractive assignments are the foundation of a good Physical Education Program. Young children and even teenagers have a hard time grasping the concepts of biomechanics, so rather than lecturing on the proper motions of throwing a ball it is much more effective to have the students participate in activities that shows them the effective and non-effective ways to complete a task or skill. My classroom philosophy also contains elements from behaviorism. I believe rewarding and positive reinforcement is the best way to get the results one desires from his/her students.

Lab Report: Effect of Temperature on a Rate of Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid :: essays research papers

My aim in this piece of work is to see the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction in a solution of hydrochloric acid containing sodium thiosulphate. The word equation for the reaction that will occur in the experiment is: Sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid →, sulphur + sulphur dioxide + sodium chloride + water ..where the sulphur is an insoluble precipitate. And the symbol equation for it is: Na2S2O3 + 2HCl →, S + SO2 + 2Na + H2O Before conducting my experiment I will research into, amongst other things, the factors that affect the rate of a reaction. This is so that I may enough information to understand the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction and also gain appropriate understanding to make a suitable prediction as to what the outcome of my experiment will be. Reactions occur when the particles of reactants collide together continuously. If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the ?collision theory?. Reactions occur in all circumstances. Chemicals are always combining and breaking up: Reactants and products combine and break apart in all reactions.

Reflective Article Review – Sexual Harassment

According to a survey by Crocker and Kalemba (1999) in â€Å"The Incidence and Impact Of Women’s Experiences of Sexual Harassment in Canadian Workplaces†, sexually harassed women in the workplace has been considered a contentious social dilemma as half women in the workforce went through incidence of various types of sexual harassment at work which made sexual harassment as the most widespread form of female sexual victimization, 1,990 women divulged their sexual harassment experiences, responses and how it affected their work and personal lives; furthermore, this analysis hows the characteristics of female sexual harassment and its consequences at workplace; moreover, the results are used to discuss complications and the organizational power theory’s understanding of workplace harassment complications. Crocker and Kalemba (1999) first present a sexual harassment survey done by Fitzgerald et al (1988) in the late 1980s in which the survey explore specific issues pertaining to risk factors and women’s responses to sexual harassment at workplace. The study was considered as the largest Canadian survey describing 1,990 number of women hat participated about incidence and consequences of female sexual harassment in Canadian workplaces. Behaviours that are derogatory about women such as visual sexual materials are considered as gender harassment (542). Furthermore, verbal and non-verbal treatment are described as unwanted sexual attention while bribery or intimidation to gain sexual favours are part of sexual coercion (542). Victims of workplace sexual harassment go through feelings of job dissatisfaction,absenteeism, nervousness, anger, irritability, low self-esteem and increased stress level (543). Thacker and Gohmann (1996) research findings showed workplace sexual harassment are worst in male dominated settings that involved supervisor sexual harassment, sexual coercion and long term sexual harassment (543). The authors pointed out that organizational power theory pertains to workplace superiors harassment of subordinates and how employees are vulnerable to be sexually harassed due to their superiors authority to be in control of their subordinates work situations such as salary factor (543). The authors explained that contact theory illustrates the ill effects of exual harassment incidents in workplaces; thus, sexually harassed employees suffered more negative effects in male dominated work environments (543). Moreover, the authors described positive control theory as the positive relationship between the length of sexual harassment and ill feelings which means that failure to control the situation as time goes on makes a sexually harassed victim feels worse (543). However, the authors mentioned that sexual coercion has the worst effects and most recognized form of sexual attention (543). Victims of sexual harassment in workplace responded in ifferent ways such as confronting or ignoring their harassers, discussing the problem with a superior and filing an official complaint which is very uncommon (543). Victims of sexual harassment tend to confront their co-workers but not their superiors for fear of job loss or complaints consequences against someone with authority at work (544). There are several factors why targets of sexual harassment respond differently; consequently, sexual harassment is being viewed as a stressful life situation in order to conceptualize the way victims respond to sexual harassment (544). The sampling method conducted by female interviewers through telephone interviews performed in 1992 consisted of 1,990 Canadian working women between 18 and 65 year old, who were working or had worked in the past year at paid labour outside the home (544). The survey showed that 56% of Canadian working women were victims of sexual harass- ment in the previous year prior to the survey while the total working life rate was 77% (545). According to the survey, staring, remarks about women and jokes about the respondents were the top three form of sexual harassment while attempted physical orce, threats and bribery were the least frequent incidents of sexual harassment in the workplace (545). However, the survey showed that women were upset in all forms and frequency of sexual harassment in the workplace. Furthermore, the survey showed that gender harassment was the most common type of sexual harassment compared to non- verbal and verbal unwanted sexual attention and sexual coercion was t he rarest form of sexual harassment (546). One-third of the women reported that sexual harassment affected their job, 45% of the women reported an increased stress level, 48% indicated eing unable to perform their jobs and 14% reported personal obstacles such as preoccupation, stress at home and loss of trust in men (548). Job and personal effects were related to the type of sexual harassment and status of the harasser (548). The survey showed women harassed coercively reported more job –related and personal problems than women sexually harassed by co-workers (548). Gender harassment was only related to job effects and did not show a high level of job-related or personal effects while a bigger proportion of women reported more job-related problems in emale dominated environment than male dominated or gender-balanced work environment (548). Women react to sexual harassment directly by reporting, opening up to someone or confronting the predator at the same time women respond equally through indirect reactions such as be ing unresponsive, ignoring the problem, not taking sexual harassment seriously, avoiding the situation or altering own’s attitudes. The survey showed that women confront their co-worker harassers compared if harassed by others. In addition, women react differently when harassed by superiors such as leaving or quitting and retaliating when harassed by clients (550). The authors point out results of this survey that shows few women reported significant work related or personal issues and fairly direct responses to sexual harass- ment that are in contrast with the psychological literature that illustrates adverse effects and indirect responses (552). The findings does not contradict psychological literature and should not be perceived that sexual harassment is not a serious problem since a big percentage of working women reported worried of experiencing being sexually harassed. The authors reliazed that the inaccurate findings and the psychological literature n effects might be due to the way questions were asked and could have received an elevated emotional issues if a psychological instrument was asked. Furthermore, the authors find it hard to assume why the participants in the survey reported assertiveness and direct responses while psychological literature focuses on passive and indirect responses. The findings of the survey did not support the contact theory that the authors presented such as the ratio of male and female in the workplace, level of contact with male related to effects and a higher proportion of women who responded bout job performance being affected worked in a female-dominated environment (553). This contradicts Thacker and Gohmann’s (1996) predictions about contact theory and findings that they presented. However, the organizational power theory was well supported with the findings that more adverse effects and passive responses associated with harassment committed by a superior or someone with authority in a workplace. Women respond directly if harassed by their co-workers and more likely quit their Job when harassed by superiors ; thus, this shows that women avoid confronting their superiors. I do not find the article informative enough because the survey done was very limited in nature. For example, they are only focused on determining effects and responses of Canadian working women in male dominated settings and if they included women sexually harassed by fellow women as I think this is possible too, then the survey could have been more concise and interesting to read. Another thing is that they did not describe the ethnicity of these women who participated in this survey. I had read other articles about sexual harassment and different women with various ethnicity responds ifferently from each other about how sexual harassment affects them. I found out from other articles that women with colour are not as assertive and willing to share about their experiences as Caucasian women due to their culture and their residency status in Canada. Sexual harassment is a social issue that needs to be addressed for the protection and safety of all women of colour. Any woman does not deserve to be sexually harassed in any kind of form of harassment. Furthermore,women should voice their concerns and seek help if they fear for their safety especially in public places or at workplace.

Meaning of Life and Thanksgiving Essay

As the first pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock and had a feast with the Indians, they shared a moment of thanks together. They gave thanks for all their blessings, thus, creating our lovely day of Thanksgiving. When Thanksgiving is thought of, the first thing that comes to mind is turkey and a plentiful amount of food. Thanksgiving to me, is the time to be together with the ones you care about. Coming together for a day to just be with each other and to catch up is what Thanksgiving means to me. Family should be with each other to share memories and to realize the plentiful amount of blessings they have been given. Thanksgiving is not only a day for gorging on food or falling into a food coma, but talking with each other and just being glad to be with one another. Having family during Thanksgiving is a crucial part in my life. Having all of my relatives in one place for one day to talk and have fun with them makes Thanksgiving extra special for me. It is one of the few days of the year that I get to see everybody. The turkey, yams, cranberry sauce, mashed potatoes is just the icing on the cake. Everybody in my family loves the food. We eat and eat until we can’t eat anymore. My family has a tradition of playing soccer afterwards but that goes only so far due to our full stomachs. My cousins and I play a friendly game of poker, afterwards our failed attempts for soccer, for first dibs on dessert. After a good game of poker, my cousins and I look for ways to entertain ourselves meanwhile the adults talk about their lives and brag about their kids. Society today makes Thanksgiving look like a day just to eat. As society advances the meaning of Thanksgiving deteriorates into a secular holiday. The meaning of Thanksgiving seems obsolete. I truly believe that Thanksgiving should be refreshed in its meaning and should be celebrated with family and love. As people come together to share a special day in our history, this should be a day which people will not take for granted.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

One of the goals of preschool education is to improve children’s school success. Early childhood educators need to enhance a child’s developmental skills and knowledge. We are to build upon their ever growing need of curiosity and creativity. Without knowing what, why, and how to developmentally teach preschool children in an early childhood environment teachers will not have a great impact on the knowledge children will gain and retain in this environment. Children are eager to learn and acquire new life changing skills. The text (2008) emphasizes the importance of a child-centered curriculum that encompasses the whole child- physical, social, emotional, creative, and cognitive. Teachers practical knowledge of how and what to teach children is not taught in school. Teachers receive and understand the theoretical knowledge of children learning but they are unable to blend the theories with practical applications appropriate for young children. There are many preschool classrooms with qualified teachers but they do not understand the steps needed to provide a curriculum that is age and developmentally appropriate. Most teachers have the book knowledge but their hands on and one on one skills are lacking when it comes to implementing activities to stimulate and excite children in learning. Kostelnik states that, â€Å"Teachers who lack adequate knowledge in any of these areas are hampered in their attempts to create developmentally appropriate programs for young children. The areas are: the fundamental components of early literacy and numeracy; how children experience literacy and mathematical concepts in their play; what teachers can do intentionally to support literacy and numeracy in all areas of the curriculum throughout the day†. Teachers must know and understand a child’s developmental needs and how to develop ways to meet these needs. Early childhood education recommends that programs utilize Developmentally Appropriate Practices. It is vital that young children have a curriculum that provides learning goals and guidance for teachers to develop activities and interactions. The National Association for the Education of Young Children approved the Early Childhood Standards and Accreditation Performance Standards and Accreditation Performance Criteria in 2005. These standards guide programs in a variety of areas including the curriculum (pp.232-233). †¢ Children have varied opportunities to be read books and to be read to in individualized ways. †¢ Children have activities that allow them to become familiar with print. †¢ Children are given opportunities to recognize and write letters, words, and sentences as they are ready. †¢ Books are displayed and writing is encouraged in one or more areas of the classroom. Curriculum development should focus on promoting learning and development in the areas of social, emotional, physical, language, and cognitive growth (NAEYC Program Standards). There should be themes that are hands on and developmentally appropriate. Activities should include: art, math, science, social, studies, reading, and creativity. Classroom s should be filled with laughter and excitement. Hands on learning should take place, stories should be told, and play encouraged. Play is child’s work and when they enjoy what they are doing, then, they are more apt to learn, discover, and investigate their surroundings and environment. So how do we know that play is child’s work? This question and many more are answered when we look at research and theories of education. Theories are the foundation for which teachers choose to teach from. Theories help guide teachers in understanding the reason why they set up their classrooms and for carrying out the lessons they teach children on a daily basis. Theories teach us that relationships are the foundation for learning. We need to have relationship with the children we teach and with families of the children we provide a program for. Theories teach us that children learn through play and that they learn when they interact with their peers and their environment. There are many theories of learning to use to decide what type of curricula to use  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Vygotsky’s Constructivist theory- puts the learner in the center and believes that teachers should provide experiences that link prior knowledge to what they are studying. The constructivist teacher organizes the classroom with children’s stages of development in mind. Children learn when they collaborate with others, discussion and talking about the how and why of things. †¢ Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development- learning is viewed as active, constructive process in which students seek organization and meaning in their worlds. †¢ Abraham Maslow focused on human potential and proposed that all persons strive to reach the highest within them. His theory also asserts that children learn best when their physical needs are met and they feel a sense of psychological safety and security. †¢ B. F. Skinner Behaviorist Theory emphasizes the roles of environmental conditions and overt behaviors in learning. Children learn through the effects of their own intentional responses. Consequences will determine whether a person will repeat a particular behavior that led to the consequences. Our theorists teach us that as children play they are learning about themselves, other people, and the world. As the text (2008) states, learning and development in the early years are critical to the child’s long term well-being. This theoretical base in early childhood education guides and provides a framework of understanding for how children learn. The text also states that, theoretically, there is widespread acceptance of the idea that play is important- that it is the serious business for the young child. Elkind reviewed a variety of theories that support the role of children’s play, including Montessori, Freud, Piaget, and Vygotsky. By taking these theories and putting them into perspective we provide ways to meet the differences and developing needs that children have. For children to excel and have success in school we have to address all areas of their development. Research has shown us that it is during these times of play that a child’s brain is affected. Connections are made as a child repeatedly does the same types of activities. If these connections are not made or used they will eventually disappear. Our text (2008) states that, â€Å"Play is a time where children needs are met. Good play experiences unite and blend all aspects of development, reaping social, emotional, physical, intellectual, moral, creative, and cultural benefits for young children. † As children engage in play in the early childhood classroom they are learning and growing developmentally. Age appropriate activities are provided for them. Vanderwater says that, â€Å"Play is simply shorthand for our capacity for curiosity, imagination, and fantasy — our creative dispositions. † In order for children benefit from play a curriculum is needed to meet their needs. It is important for young preschool children to have a curriculum that includes planned environments and activities in the classroom, such as music and creative movement, dramatic play, singing, and creative art. Planned and unplanned spontaneous learning should take place everyday. We know that children are unique and different therefore they all learn differently. With this knowledge we have to teach the whole child. This includes teaching social-emotional, physical, cognitive, and language development to preschoolers. Preschool curriculum models vary widely. Some may detail exactly what to teach and how to teach it with step by step instructions. Others on the other hand leave room for teacher ideas and input. Then there are some that provide guidance in developing activities and interactions that are crucial to social development. When choosing curricula, programs need to take into account children’s ages, needs, behavior, language and cultural backgrounds. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialist in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE) therefore advise the following: â€Å"Curriculum is more than a collection of enjoyable activities. Curriculum is a complex idea containing multiple components such as goals, content, pedagogy, or instructional practices. Curriculum is influenced by many factors including society’s values, content standards, account ability systems, research findings, community expectations, culture and language, and individual children’s characteristics. † The early childhood (preschool) classroom has a need for a developmentally appropriate curriculum. Designing a curriculum gives teachers the opportunity to come together and brainstorm on what is needed to meet the needs of individual children. Dodge states, â€Å"When teachers build curriculum with each other and with the children and are willing to really listen to each other and to the children’s ideas, and really value them, there is a very different kind of relationship being established and a climate of mutual trust is formed. She also shares that, the nature of this relationship between teachers and children and parents would be very different in our opinion, if the teacher’s plan were already written and all the planning spaces filled in, and all the outcomes predetermined and articulated ahead of time. Relationships again are the foundation that is needed in the early childhood classroom. Society has put a lot of pressure on early childhood programs to produce results. Kostelnik states that, kindergarten teachers report that one out of three children begin formal schooling lacking the basic experiences they need to succeed. Because of this, programs make decisions each day about the type of curriculum to use. They see the importance of early learning experiences that will build a firm foundation for learning and development later on in life. There are many types of curriculum in our society today. The two most commonly used in the Unites States according to Dodge are: The Creative Curriculum and High/Scope. In addition to these many directors used a variety of models and resources to supplement their planning. These include the Project Approach, Reggio Emilia, Montessori, and what several called â€Å"emergent curriculum†. There is evidence that high quality early childhood programs can and do make a difference in children’s development. Children can develop the skills they need as they participate in child care and other early learning programs from birth to age eight. Kostelnik states that children need to know the fundamental components of early literacy and numeracy for literacy involves listening, viewing, speaking, writing, and reading. Some of the numeracy components are: understanding number, how people represent number, the relations among numbers, and number systems, using mathematical tools, and recognizing, describing, and extending patterns. Literacy and numeracy can be displayed in the classroom when the dramatic play area has been transformed into a hairdressing shop. The children can create signs that say haircuts, shampoo, curlers, and perms. The children can also include prices on the signs. The children can move in and out of this area taking turns as customers, receptionist, haircutters, and cashiers. They will pretend cutting hair, giving permanents, making appointments, writing out receipts, using the play cash register, and making change. Literacy and numeracy is also seen in the block center as children make signs and count trucks, in the writing center as children write in their journals and in the art center as children draw and create pictures of their choice. Kostelnik tells us that, skilled teachers intentionally create opportunities for children to become engaged in varied literacy and numeracy experiences every day. Developmentally appropriate activities do not happen by chance, they have to be planned out. Children are looking for direction and opportunities to investigate. Teachers are being provided with training and professional development on how to teach, what to teach and why they need to follow a curriculum. As teachers gain the skills they need they begin to understand the developmental need s of children. They create opportunities for learning through play and they advocate for the needed changes in the system. As curriculum choices are being made and teachers are trained in how to implement the curriculum children are excelling. In an early childhood classroom teachers are better equipped and have a greater impact on what, why and how to teach children in a developmentally appropriate way. References: Eliason, C. F. , Jenkins, L. (2008). A Practical Guide to Early Childhood Curriculum (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Dodge, D. (2004). Early Childhood Curriculum Models Why, What and the How Programs Use Them. Retrieved from the Exchange magazine. www. ChildCareExchange. com Kostelnik. M (2008). Academics in Early Childhood. Retrieved from the Exchange magazine. www. ChildCareExchange. com. National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE). (2003). Joint position statement on early childhood curriculum, assessment, and program evaluation building an effective, accountable system in programs for children birth through age 8. Washington, DC: NAEYC, p. 6 Vanderwater, E. A. , Rideoout, V. J. , Wartella, E. A. , Huang, X. , Lee, J. H. , Shim, M. S. (2007). â€Å"Digital Childhood: Electronic Media and Technology Use Among Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers. † Pediatrics 119(5): e1006-e1015 [pic].

Bulling and Cyberbulling

Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies.It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying.These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinc hing and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person's back. It is designed to harm someone's social reputation and/or cause humiliation.Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone's social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time.It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them.All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and los s of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop.If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented , threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones.It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer.But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then tal k to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/201103/201103carrgregg. pdf Bulling and Cyberbulling Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies.It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying.These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinc hing and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person's back. It is designed to harm someone's social reputation and/or cause humiliation.Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone's social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time.It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them.All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and los s of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop.If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented , threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones.It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer.But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then tal k to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/201103/201103carrgregg. pdf